Articles

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More than 200 results
Article

Autonephrectomy

Autonephrectomy refers to the end stage of renal tuberculosis where chronic tuberculous infection causes caseous necrosis and progressive renal cavitation, rendering the kidney non-functioning 1. Epidemiology It is a rare occurrence in non-endemic populations today but can be misdiagnosed if n...
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Putty kidney

A putty kidney refers to a pattern of renal calcification associated with renal tuberculosis conventionally described on plain radiography. The calcification can be large, round or oval, dense or very homogeneous and ground glass-like, representing calcified caseous tissue within dilated calyces...
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Brodie abscess

Brodie abscess is an intraosseous abscess related to a focus of subacute or chronic pyogenic osteomyelitis. Unfortunately, there is no reliable way to radiographically exclude a focus of osteomyelitis. It has a protean radiographic appearance and can occur at any location and in a patient of any...
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Hydrocephalus

Hydrocephalus denotes an increase in the volume of CSF, causing the distension of cerebral ventricles (ventriculomegaly) due to insufficient passage of the CSF from its point of production in the ventricles into the systemic circulation, whether that be via resorption into the dural venous sinus...
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Smoking-related interstitial lung diseases

Smoking-related interstitial lung disease (SR-ILD) refers to a subgroup of interstitial lung diseases that fall under smoking-related lung disease. Conditions that can fall into this group include. respiratory bronchiolitis (RB) respiratory bronchiolitis ILD (RB-ILD) desquamative interstitial...
Article

The black garland sign

The black garland sign refers to a marked T2 hypointense thick rim of fibrous tissue surrounding the ovary in the setting of ovarian fibromatosis 1.  Ovarian fibromatosis is a rare non-neoplastic condition that causes ovarian enlargement in women, typically around the age of 25 years 2. Histol...
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Ovarian fibromatosis

Ovarian fibromatosis refers to a rare benign phenomenon where there is tumor-like ovarian enlargement due to diffuse ovarian fibrosis. Epidemiology It may have a predilection towards younger pre-menopausal females (age range around 13-39 years) with a mean age of presentation of 25 years 5. A...
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Smoking-related interstitial fibrosis

Smoking-related interstitial fibrosis (SRIF) is considered a relatively new term term used to describe chronic interstitial fibrosis that can develop in smokers. Pathology It is considered a distinct form of interstitial fibrosis with a striking pathologic appearance that occurs in smokers. I...
Article

Beaded vessel sign (intravascular lung metastases)

The beaded vessel sign describes the expanded and nodular appearance of intravascular metastases within subsegmental branches of the pulmonary arteries 1-3. The sign has been described in patients with metastatic lung cancer, cervical cancer and renal cell carcinoma. In one study, the finding o...
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Suprascapular nerve

The suprascapular nerve is the only branch of the upper trunk (C5 and C6) of the brachial plexus, supplying the supraspinatus and infraspinatus muscles and sensation to the acromioclavicular and glenohumeral joints. Gross anatomy Origin The suprascapular nerve arises from the upper trunk of t...
Article

Septo-optic dysplasia

Septo-optic dysplasia (SOD), also known as de Morsier syndrome, is a condition characterized by optic nerve/tract hypoplasia and absence of the septum pellucidum and, in two-thirds of patients hypothalamic-pituitary dysfunction. It is best thought of as being part of the holoprosencephaly spectr...
Article

Seminal vesicle stones

Seminal vesicle stones or calculi refer to solid mineralized pieces of material within the seminal vesicles. Epidemiology Seminal vesicle calculi are rare and have been mainly reported after the age of 40 years 1. Associations Seminal vesicle calculi are often associated with hematospermia. ...
Article

Zinner syndrome

Zinner syndrome is a triad of mesonephric (Wolffian) duct anomalies comprising unilateral renal agenesis, ipsilateral seminal vesicle cyst, and ejaculatory duct obstruction 1. Epidemiology The condition is very rare, with ~200 reported cases (c. 2009) 9. Clinical presentation Patients are ty...
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Testicular lymphoma

Testicular lymphoma is an uncommon testicular malignancy. Lymphoma can involve the testes in three ways: primary site of extranodal disease (primary testicular lymphoma) secondary involvement of systemic disease primary manifestation of subclinical systemic disease This article is concerned ...
Article

MR spectroscopy

The technique of magnetic resonance spectroscopy (usually shortened to MR spectroscopy or MRS) allows tissue to be interrogated for the presence and concentration of various metabolites. Grossman and Yousem said "If you need this to help you, go back to page 1; everything except Canavan (disease...
Article

Polymicrogyria

Polymicrogyria is a focal brain abnormality characterized by excessive abnormal small cerebral gyri with cortical over-folding, creating an irregular cortical surface and ill-defined grey-white matter junction 14. Counter-intuitively, it often appears as cortical thickening and simplification wh...
Article

Fourth ventricle

The fourth ventricle is one of the components of the ventricular system in the brain, along with the lateral and third ventricles. It extends from the cerebral aqueduct (of Sylvius) rostrally to the obex caudally and is filled with CSF. CSF enters the ventricle via the cerebral aqueduct and lea...
Article

Vesical Imaging-Reporting and Data System (VI-RADS)

The Vesical Imaging–Reporting and Data System (VI-RADS) is a structured reporting scheme for multiparametric bladder MRI in the evaluation of suspected bladder cancer. A systematic approach to bladder lesion based on multiparametric MRI (mpMRI) was proposed by the European Association of Urology...
Article

Cardiac conduction devices

Implantable cardiac conduction devices (also known as cardiac implantable electronic devices or CIEDs) are a very common medical device of the thorax, with over one million implanted in the United States of America alone. There are two major types of cardiac conduction devices: pacemakers and a...
Article

Cardiomyopathy

Cardiomyopathy is defined as a "disease of the myocardium with associated cardiac dysfunction" 1. It has been classified according to several systems: 1995 WHO/ISFC cardiomyopathy classification system Elliott et al. classification system: published by the European Society of Cardiology Workin...
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