Articles
Articles are a collaborative effort to provide a single canonical page on all topics relevant to the practice of radiology. As such, articles are written and continuously improved upon by countless contributing members. Our dedicated editors oversee each edit for accuracy and style. Find out more about articles.
More than 200 results
Article
Mesothelioma
Mesothelioma is an aggressive malignant tumor of mesothelium and 90% of tumors arise from the pleura.
This article is about the pleural form of the disease, other locations include 17:
peritoneal mesothelioma (~10%)
pericardial mesothelioma (<1%)
cystic/multicystic mesothelioma
tunica vagi...
Article
Hirschsprung disease
Hirschsprung disease, a neurocristopathy, is the most common cause of neonatal colonic obstruction (15-20%). It is commonly characterized by a short segment of colonic aganglionosis affecting term neonates, especially boys.
Epidemiology
Hirschsprung disease affects approximately 1:5000-8000 l...
Article
CT dose index
CT dose index (CTDI) (measured in mGy) is a standardized measure of radiation dose output of a CT scanner which allows the user to compare radiation output of different CT scanners. It is rather a calculated value, not a directly measureable value. In the past CTDI100 (measured over a 100 mm lon...
Article
CT guided bone biopsy
CT guided bone biopsy is a type of image-guided biopsy.
It may be performed using the 'CT fluoroscopy' capabilities of modern CT scanners or with the traditional step-wise approach.
CT biopsies are usually performed using a co-axial needle technique to gain a stable position through which the ...
Article
Enchondroma
Enchondromas, also known as chondromas 7, are relatively common intramedullary hyaline cartilage neoplasms with benign imaging features. They share histologic features with low-grade chondrosarcoma and are sometimes classified under the umbrella term low-grade chondral series tumors.
Enchondrom...
Article
Chordoma
Chordomas are uncommon malignant tumors of the axial skeleton that account for 1% of intracranial tumors and 4% of all primary bone tumors.
They originate from embryonic remnants of the primitive notochord (earliest fetal axial skeleton, extending from the Rathke's pouch to the tip of the cocc...
Article
DNA
DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) is a nucleic acid that encodes the genetic information (genome) necessary for RNA (ribonucleic acid) transcription (transcriptome) and protein synthesis (proteome) 1. It is contained in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells in the form of chromatin or chromosomes 7,8. Human...
Article
Neural tube defects
Neural tube defect (NTD) refers to the incomplete closure of the neural tube in very early pregnancy, resulting in cranial defects or spinal dysraphism.
The neural tube comprises a bundle of nerve sheath which closes to form brain rostrally and spinal cord caudally. The closure should occur at ...
Article
Segond fracture
Segond fracture is an avulsion fracture of the knee that involves the lateral aspect of the tibial plateau and is very frequently (~75% of cases) associated with disruption of the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL). On the frontal knee radiograph, it may be referred to as the lateral capsular sign...
Article
Accessory soleus muscle
The accessory soleus muscle is an anatomical variant characterized by an additional distinct muscle encountered along a normal soleus muscle. It is uncommon with a prevalence of ~3% (range 0.7-5.5%) 1.
Summary
origin: fibula, soleal line of the tibia, or the anterior surface of the soleus musc...
Article
Abdominoperineal resection
Abdominoperineal resection (APR), also known as abdominoperineal excision of the rectum (APER), is a surgical treatment predominantly indicated for low rectal cancer and involves resection of the rectum and anal canal, leaving a permanent colostomy.
Indications
low rectal cancer 7
within 5 cm...
Article
Osseous surgical spinal fusion
Osseous surgical spinal fusion refers to spinal fusion surgery with bone grafts, bone graft supplements or bone graft substitutes.
Osseous spinal fusion eventually supplies the best stability for the respective spinal segment and most types of spinal fusion surgeries are directed to establish a...
Article
Enhanced myometrial vascularity
Enhanced myometrial vascularity (EMV), often misdiagnosed as an acquired uterine arteriovenous malformation, is the presence of transiently increased blood flow within the uterine myometrium, typically associated with complications of pregnancy.
Terminology
Somewhat confusingly, the term “enh...
Article
MELD score
The MELD score (Model for End-stage Liver Disease) is a classification used to grade chronic liver disease in preparation for liver transplantation in adults. The score has prognostic value in terms of three-month mortality.
Usage
Three-month mortality of patients with chronic liver disease pe...
Article
Child-Pugh score
The Child-Pugh score is a scoring system that measures the severity of chronic liver disease, including cirrhosis.
Usage
This score was initially devised by Child and Turcotte in 1964 to risk stratify patients with portal hypertension undergoing shunt surgery. It was revised in 1972 by Pugh w...
Article
Gastric cancer (TNM staging)
Gastric cancer staging is routinely performed using the TNM staging system. This article is based on the 8th edition of the AJCC TNM classification of malignant tumors. This is technically the clinical TNM staging (cTNM).
cTNM staging (8th edition)
T
Tx: primary tumor cannot be assessed
T0: ...
Article
Perianal fistula
Perianal fistula (or fistula-in-ano) (plural: fistulae or fistulas) is the presence of a fistulous tract across/between/adjacent to the anal sphincters and is usually an inflammatory condition 1.
Epidemiology
Incidence is estimated at ~1:10,000 2, with a recognized male predilection of 2-4:1.
...
Article
Modified PIOPED II criteria for diagnosis of pulmonary embolus
The modified PIOPED II criteria for the diagnosis of pulmonary embolus indicate the presence or absence of pulmonary emboli based on findings on V/Q scan (ventilation-perfusion scintigraphy).
Usage
This article reflects the modified interpretation criteria promulgated in 2008 1 based on recat...
Article
Sacral insufficiency fracture
Sacral insufficiency fractures are a subtype of stress fractures, which are the result of normal stresses on abnormal bone, most frequently seen in the setting of osteoporosis. They fall under the broader group of pelvic insufficiency fractures.
Epidemiology
Risk factors
Risk factors are thos...
Article
Accessory navicular
An accessory navicular is a large accessory ossicle that can be present adjacent to the medial side of the navicular bone. The tibialis posterior tendon often inserts with a broad attachment into the ossicle. Most cases are asymptomatic but in a small proportion, it may cause painful tendinosis ...
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