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Articles are a collaborative effort to provide a single canonical page on all topics relevant to the practice of radiology. As such, articles are written and continuously improved upon by countless contributing members. Our dedicated editors oversee each edit for accuracy and style. Find out more about articles.

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Renal angiomyolipoma

Renal angiomyolipomas (AML) are a type of benign renal neoplasm encountered both sporadically and as part of a phakomatosis, most commonly tuberous sclerosis. They are considered one of a number of tumors with perivascular epithelioid cellular differentiation (PEComas) and are composed of vascul...

Uterine leiomyosarcoma

Uterine leiomyosarcomas are malignant uterine tumors that arise from the myometrium. The uterus is the commonest location for a leiomyosarcoma. Epidemiology Typically, these tumors present in women in the 6th decade. They account for up to one-third of uterine sarcomas but only ~8% of all uter...

Diffuse tenosynovial giant cell tumor

Diffuse tenosynovial giant cell tumor, previously known as pigmented villonodular synovitis (PVNS), is an uncommon benign condition. It is most commonly monoarticular (~70% in the knee joint), but can occasionally be polyarticular. Please see the overview article tenosynovial giant cell tumor ...

Adrenal insufficiency

Adrenal insufficiency refers to inadequate secretion of corticosteroids (glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids). Terminology It may occur from partial or complete destruction of the adrenal cortex, in which case it is termed primary adrenal insufficiency (also known as Addison disease). Secon...

Silent sinus syndrome

Silent sinus syndrome represents maxillary sinus atelectasis, resulting in painless enophthalmos, hypoglobus and facial asymmetry 1,3. Some authors restrict the term to patients with no history of sinusitis, trauma or surgery 2. Some authors suggest it is part of the spectrum of chronic maxillar...

Bochdalek's flower basket

Bochdalek's flower basket is the eponymous name for the incidental normal variant finding of protrusion of the choroid plexus through the foramina of Luschka. Epidemiology This is a relatively common finding, with calcified Bochdalek's flower basket found in 38% of patients above the age of 5...

Uterine leiomyoma

Uterine leiomyomas, also known as uterine fibroids, are benign tumors of myometrial origin and are the most common solid benign uterine neoplasms. They are a common incidental finding on imaging and rarely cause diagnostic dilemma. Epidemiology They are clinically apparent in ~25% of women of ...

Medical abbreviations and acronyms (P)

This article contains a list of commonly used medical abbreviations and acronyms that start with the letter P and may be encountered in medicine and radiology (please keep the main list and any sublists in alphabetic order). A - B - C - D - E - F - G - H - I - J - K - L - M - N - O - P - Q - R ...

Central nervous system vasculitis

Central nervous system (CNS) vasculitides represent a heterogeneous group of inflammatory diseases (vasculitis or cerebral angiitis) affecting the walls of blood vessels in the brain, spinal cord, and meninges. It affects predominantly small and medium sized vessels but can also involve large ve...

Lipiodol

Lipiodol (also known as ethiodized oil) is an oil-based iodinated contrast medium that was historically used for myelography and hysterosalpingography 1. It was later superseded by newer, less hazardous, agents, and now is used primarily as a therapeutic agent. Guerbet was previously the sole ma...

Prostatic artery embolization

Prostatic artery embolization (PAE) is a minimally invasive procedure utilized to treat benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). Indications PAE has been used for controlling prostatic hemorrhage (such as that associated prostate cancer) since 1970. However, its use in the treatment of lower urina...

Anatomical side marker

An anatomical side marker, also known as a side marker or orientation marker, is the label on a medical image denoting which side of the body it is. Historically in radiography, the side marker was a physical marker placed by the radiographer at the side of the patient so that it would be captu...

Fahr syndrome

Fahr syndrome, also known as bilateral striatopallidodentate calcinosis, is characterized by abnormal vascular calcium deposition, particularly in the basal ganglia, cerebellar dentate nuclei, and white matter, with subsequent atrophy. It can be either primary (usually autosomal dominant) or se...

Playlists

Playlists are a fantastic way of collecting, organizing and sharing cases. They are an ordered collection of cases that you can then play from start to finish. We have gathered some examples of educational playlists for you to browse. Playlists can also have intervening static slides. The res...

Fluoroscopic nasojejunal tube insertion

Fluoroscopic nasojejunal (NJT) or nasogastric tube (NGT) insertion is a valuable procedure offered by radiologists in patient care. The majority of nasogastric tubes are inserted on the ward level and nasojejunal tubes may be placed in theater at the time of surgery. In difficult cases, inserti...

Intrahepatic arterioportal shunt

Intrahepatic arterioportal shunts, also known as arterioportal fistulas, represent abnormal flow between the portal venous system and a hepatic arterial system within the liver. They can be a reversible cause of portal hypertension. Clinical presentation Clinical features will depend on the si...

Acute pyelonephritis

Acute pyelonephritis (plural: acute pyelonephritides) is a bacterial infection of the renal pelvis and parenchyma most commonly seen in young women. It remains common and continues to have significant morbidity in certain groups of patients. Epidemiology The incidence of acute pyelonephritis p...

Bladder outlet obstruction

Bladder outlet obstruction can arise from a number of conditions affecting the urethra and/or bladder outlet but is most commonly encountered in elderly men due to prostate enlargement. Clinical presentation Patients often present with difficulty in urination, retention, and urinary discomfor...

Nasopharyngeal cancer (staging)

Nasopharyngeal cancer staging refers to TNM staging of malignant tumors of the nasopharynx. The vast majority of applicable tumors are nasopharyngeal carcinomas, but other epithelial malignancies of the nasopharynx are included, such as minor salivary gland tumors. The following article reflects...

Inferior thyroid artery

The inferior thyroid artery is a branch of the thyrocervical trunk (85%) or subclavian artery (15%) and ascends to enter the thyroid gland on its posterior surface, as well as supplying both the superior and inferior parathyroid glands 1. If the artery arises from the subclavian artery, it may ...

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