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Articles are a collaborative effort to provide a single canonical page on all topics relevant to the practice of radiology. As such, articles are written and continuously improved upon by countless contributing members. Our dedicated editors oversee each edit for accuracy and style. Find out more about articles.

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Dental trauma

Dental trauma is common, affecting up to one-third of the population. While often clinically apparent, they may be overlooked in the setting of severe trauma. Pathology The maxillary incisors are the most commonly injured tooth. Dental trauma is commonly classified as 1,2: luxation concuss...

Glutamine-Glutamate peak

Glutamate-Glutamine (Glx) peak is one of the regions assessed on MR spectroscopy, and resonates between 2.2 and 2.4 ppm chemical shift. It overlaps with the GABA peak and cannot be routinely separated from each other. The concentration of these two brain metabolites increases in hepatic and hypo...

Pelvic inflammatory disease

Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) is a broad term that encompasses a spectrum of infection and inflammation of the upper female genital tract, resulting in a range of abnormalities. Epidemiology The highest incidence is seen among sexually-active women in their teens, with 75% of cases being ...

Fuhrmann syndrome

Fuhrmann syndrome is a rare non-lethal genetic limb malformation syndrome characterized by 1,2: hypoplasia of pelvis bowing of femur bone polydactyly hypoplastic fibula symmetrical fingernail deficiency 4 tooth anomalies 5 malformed thumbs 8 It is a syndrome in which there is a partial l...

Sartorius muscle

The sartorius muscle is the long obliquely oriented muscle of the anterior compartment of the thigh. It is the longest muscle in the human body 3. Summary origin: immediately below the anterior superior iliac spine insertion: as part of the pes anserinus tendon (anteromedial surface of the ti...

Intrapancreatic accessory spleen

An intrapancreatic accessory spleen is a splenunculus within the pancreatic parenchyma. Differentiating this finding from other pancreatic neoplasms is important to avoid unnecessary surgery. Epidemiology Intrapancreatic splenunculi are not as rare as previously thought and their incidence ra...

Scimitar syndrome

Scimitar syndrome, also known as hypogenetic lung syndrome, is characterized by a hypoplastic lung that is drained by an anomalous pulmonary vein into the systemic venous system. It is a type of partial anomalous pulmonary venous return and is one of the several findings in congenital pulmonary ...

Nasu-Hakola disease

Nasu-Hakola disease, also known as polycystic lipomembranous osteodysplasia with sclerosing leukoencephalopathy, is a rare inherited neuropsychiatric disorder which in addition to cognitive impairment also demonstrates bone cysts. Epidemiology Although the exact incidence is not known, the c...

Tuberculous peritonitis

Tuberculous peritonitis is a form of extrapulmonary tuberculosis affecting the peritoneum. It is frequently seen in association with other forms of gastrointestinal tuberculosis 6. Epidemiology Tuberculosis is usually confined to the respiratory system but may involve any organ system 1. Extra...

Falciform ligament hernia

Falciform ligament hernias (alternative plural: herniae) are a very rare type of internal hernia occurring through a defect in the falciform ligament. Epidemiology Exceedingly rare, thought to comprise just 0.2% of all internal hernias 4. Associations laparoscopic surgery 2 Clinical present...

Lymphoma of the uterine cervix

Lymphoma of the uterine cervix is generally uncommon and when it does occur tends to present as cervical involvement with added background multi-organ disease rather than isolated primary cervical lymphoma 1. It is often considered part of the spectrum of uterine lymphoma. Epidemiology In the ...

Ascitic fluid cholesterol level

Ascitic fluid cholesterol level estimation is a simple and precise test for differentiating malignant ascites from non-malignant (cirrhotic) ascites 5-9. Pathology Ascites is the abnormal collection of fluid within the peritoneal cavity. Malignant ascites comprises ~10% and is usually seconda...

Appendicular abscess

Appendicular abscess is considered the most common complication of acute appendicitis, in particular 5th to 10th day after a perforated appendix 1. Clinical presentation In 70% of the cases, abdominal pain can be localized to periumbilical region, while 15% have generalized abdominal pain and...

Myringosclerosis

Myringosclerosis refers to the calcification and thickening of the tympanic membrane. Terminology It is similar but not entirely synonymous with the term tympanosclerosis where myringosclerosis, the calcium deposition is primarily on the eardrum where as is tympanosclerosis, calcium deposition...

Splenic volvulus

Splenic volvulus (rare plural: volvuli) also called splenic torsion may be seen as a complication of a wandering spleen due to weakness of the splenic ligaments 1. Clinical presentation abdominal pain: mild to severe in intensity which depends on the degree of torsion 4-6 abdominal mass 5 ab...

Splenic sarcoidosis

Splenic sarcoidosis is a non-caseating granulomatous involvement of the spleen, that presents with splenomegaly or multiple splenic nodules. Clinical presentation Clinical features of splenic sarcoidosis include 5,6: pain anemia abdominal pain and discomfort splenomegaly (associated with i...

Multilocular cystic renal neoplasm of low malignant potential

Multilocular cystic renal neoplasm of low malignant potential (MCRNLMP) are low-grade adult renal tumors composed entirely of numerous cysts. The entity was previously known as multilocular cystic renal cell carcinoma, which usually had clear cell morphology, but was redefined in the 2016 WHO cl...

Plantar fascia calcification

Plantar fascia calcification can occur in the setting of plantar fasciitis 1 or rarely as a sequelae of prior steroid injection 2. Other possibilities include sequelae of prior trauma underlying calcific lesion dystrophic calcification - e.g. systemic sclerosis 3 Differential diagnosis pla...

Ileostomy

An ileostomy is a surgical method in which a loop of the distal small bowel is connected and opened through the outer abdominal wall to artificially create a connection and bypass the large bowel. Pathology Types There are two types of ileostomies: permanent end ileostomy A permanent end il...

Spontaenous hemopneumothorax

Spontaneous hemopneumothorax is a subtype of a hemopneumothorax where there is an accumulation of blood and air within the pleural space in the absence of trauma or other definitive cause. Pathology The source of bleeding is uncertain but in many cases can result from shearing of the adhesions...

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