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Cerebral sulci and fissures

Dr Daniel J Bell ◉ and Dr Appukutty Manickam et al.

Cerebral sulci and fissures are grooves between the adjacent gyri on the surface of the cerebral hemispheres. By allowing the cortex to invaginate to form sulci and gyri the surface area of the cortex is is increased threefold ⁴. The result is that the surface area of the human cortex is 2200 cm², only a third of which can be seen on the surface ⁴.

Gyri and sulci vary slightly in their dimensions and morphology between individuals or even between hemispheres. Some may not be present in a number of individuals and others deep enough to produce elevations on the surface of the ventricles (e.g. collateral sulcus) ⁴. However, these variations are generally of no functional significance. In contrast, disorders of cortical formation can be associated with numerous and significant neurological symptoms and deficits.

On this page:

Article:

Embryology
Classification
History and etymology
Related articles
References

Embryology

Sulci develop at the end of the 3rd fetal month ¹.

Classification

Sulci can be divided on the basis of function ³:

limiting sulcus: some sulci develop between areas differing in structure and function (e.g. central sulcus)
axial sulcus: some sulci develop along the axis of a rapidly growing/developing area (e.g. calcarine sulcus)
operculated sulcus: a sulcus may be between two structurally-different areas and a third sulcus may lie in its wall and does not appear on the surface (e.g. lunate sulcus)

On the basis of formation ³:

primary sulcus: formed before birth (e.g. central sulcus)
secondary sulcus: sulci formed within others due to the continued growth of adjoining areas of cortex (e.g. the splenium of the corpus callosum conveys a large number of fibers from the temporal and occipital cortices to the parietal-occipital sulcus creating a number of axial and limiting sulci within the wall of the parieto-occipital sulcus)

On the basis of continuity (whether the sulci are broken into segments by gyral bridges crossing them) ²:

commonly continuous or uninterrupted (e.g. lateral sulcus, which results from the relatively slow growth of the insular cortex and the submersion of the adjoining frontal, parietal and temporal areas)
those that have low interruption rates (e.g. central, collateral and calcarine sulci)
those that are regularly interrupted (e.g. postcentral, superior and inferior frontal sulci)

History and etymology

sulcus (Latin: furrow, groove)
fissure (Latin: cleft, groove)

References

Anatomy: Brain

brain
- grey matter
- white matter
- cerebrum
  - cerebral hemisphere (telencephalon)
  - white matter tracts
  - deep grey matter
    - basal ganglia
    - claustrum
  - pituitary gland
    - posterior pituitary and stalk (part of diencephalon)
      - ectopic posterior pituitary
    - anterior pituitary
    - inferior hypophyseal arterial circle
  - diencephalon
    - thalamencephalon
    - subthalamus
      - subthalamic nuclei
    - hypothalamus
- brainstem
  - midbrain (mesencephalon)
  - pons (part of metencephalon)
    - facial colliculus
    - superior olivary nucleus
  - medulla oblongata (myelencephalon)
    - olive
    - inferior olivary nucleus
  - white matter
  - grey matter (non-cranial nerve)
- cerebellum (part of metencephalon)
  - vermis
  - cerebellar hemisphere
    - cerebellar tonsil
    - dentate nucleus
  - cerebellar peduncles
- cranial meninges (meninx primitiva)
- CSF spaces
  - ventricular system
  - subarachnoid cisterns
- cranial nerves (mnemonic)
  - olfactory nerve (CN I)
  - optic nerve (CN II)
    - optic chiasm
    - optic tract
  - oculomotor nerve (CN III)
  - trochlear nerve (CN IV)
  - trigeminal nerve (CN V) (mnemonic)
  - abducens nerve (CN VI)
  - facial nerve (CN VII) (segments mnemonic | branches mnemonic)
    - geniculate ganglion
    - nervus intermedius
  - vestibulocochlear nerve (CN VIII)
  - glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX)
    - Jacobson nerve
  - vagus nerve (CN X)
    - Arnold's nerve
  - spinal accessory nerve (CN XI)
  - hypoglossal nerve (CN XII)
- functional neuroanatomy
  - Brodmann areas
  - cortical motor system
    - extrapyramidal system
  - cortical sensory system
    - pain and temperature sensation
    - vibration and proprioception sensation
  - auditory/speech system
    - Broca's area (Brodmann area 44)
    - Wernicke's area (Brodmann area 22)
  - visual system
  - olfactory system
- CNS development
  - brain development
- cerebral vascular supply
  - arteries
    - vascular territories
    - circle of Willis
      - internal carotid artery (ICA) (segments)
        
        inferolateral trunk
        
        meningohypophyseal trunk
        inferior hypophyseal artery
        
        capsular arteries (of McConnell) (variable)
        
        superior hypophyseal artery
        
        anterior cerebral artery (ACA)
        
        anterior communicating artery (ACOM)
        
        medial lenticulostriate arteries
        
        recurrent artery of Heubner
        
        medial frontobasal artery
        
        frontopolar artery
        
        orbitofrontal artery
        
        pericallosal artery
        
        callosomarginal artery
        
        pericallosal moustache
        
        middle cerebral artery (MCA)
        
        M1 branches
        
        lenticulostriate arteries
        
        medial lenticulostriate arteries
        
        lateral lenticulostriate arteries
        
        anterior temporal artery
        
        temporopolar artery
        
        M2 branches
        
        posterior communicating artery (PCOM)
        
        ophthalmic artery
        
        lacrimal artery
        
        supraorbital artery
        
        posterior ethmoidal artery
        
        anterior ethmoidal artery
        
        internal palpebral artery
        
        supratrochlear artery (frontal artery)
        
        dorsal nasal artery
        
        anterior choroidal artery
      - vertebral artery
        
        posterior inferior cerebellar artery (PICA)
        
        basilar artery
        
        anterior inferior cerebellar artery (AICA)
        labyrinthine artery
        
        pontine arteries
        
        superior cerebellar artery (SCA)
        
        posterior cerebral artery (PCA)
        
        calcarine artery
        
        splenial artery
        
        posterior choroidal artery
        
        medial posterior choroidal artery
        
        lateral posterior choroidal artery
      - normal variants
        
        intracranial arterial fenestration
        
        internal carotid artery (ICA)
        
        absent ICA
        
        aberrant ICA
        
        anterior cerebral artery (ACA)
        azygos ACA
        
        middle cerebral artery (MCA)
        
        accessory MCA
        
        duplicated MCA
        
        MCA fenestration
        
        posterior cerebral artery (PCA)
        
        fetal origin of PCA / fetal PCOM
        
        artery of Percheron
        
        basilar artery
        
        basilar artery fenestration
        
        basilar artery hypoplasia
        
        persistent carotid-vertebrobasilar artery anastomoses (mnemonic)
        
        persistent primitive trigeminal artery
        
        persistent otic artery
        
        persistent hypoglossal artery
        
        persistent proatlantal artery
        
        persistent proatlantal intersegmental artery
        
        posterior cerebral circulation
  - cerebral venous system
    - dural venous sinuses
    - cerebral veins
      - superficial veins of the brain
        
        superior cerebral veins (superficial cerebral veins)
        
        inferior cerebral veins
        
        superficial middle cerebral vein
        
        superior anastomotic vein (of Trolard)
        
        inferior anastomotic vein (of Labbe)
    - deep veins of the brain
    - normal variants
      - persistent falcine sinus
- glymphatic pathway

Article information

rID: 57676

System: Central Nervous System

Section: Anatomy

Tag: sulcus

Synonyms or Alternate Spellings:

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