Risk factors for testicular germ cell tumors (GCT) include:
- Caucasians at higher risk than African Americans (9:1)
-
undescended testis
- 10-40x increased risk
- around 10% of all tumors are associated with undescended testis
- higher risk if intra-abdominal testis compared with intrainguinal
- orchidopexy prior to puberty can reduce the tumor risk
- increased risk in the contralateral normally descended testis
- previous tumor in contralateral testis
- family history of testicular germ cell tumor
- 4x increase if father affected
- 9x if brother affected
-
testicular microlithiasis
- ~8x increased risk of germ cell tumors in symptomatic testis with microlithiasis 1
- no increased risk found in asymptomatic testes therefore screening is unlikely to be useful
- overall, microlithiasis is present in around 50% of germ cell tumors cases, but it is also very common in patients without cancer
- testicular dysgenesis
- other risk factors may include
- infections such as HIV, orchitis
- history of trauma
- organ transplant immunosuppression
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