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Articles are a collaborative effort to provide a single canonical page on all topics relevant to the practice of radiology. As such, articles are written and continuously improved upon by countless contributing members. Our dedicated editors oversee each edit for accuracy and style. Find out more about articles.

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Hepatic hemangioma

Hepatic hemangiomas or hepatic venous malformations are the most common benign vascular liver lesions. They are frequently diagnosed as an incidental finding on imaging, and most patients are asymptomatic. From a radiologic perspective, it is important to differentiate hemangiomas from hepatic m...

Pseudocoarctation of the aorta

Pseudocoarctation of the aorta is a rare anomaly characterized by elongation of the aortic arch associated with buckling at the level of the ligamentum arteriosum. Epidemiology Associations Reported associations include 3,9: hypertension true coarctation of the aorta congenital heart disea...

Adductor canal

The adductor canal (also known as Hunter's canal or the subsartorial canal) is a muscular tunnel in the anterior compartment of the thigh. It serves to transmit several important neurovascular structures from the femoral triangle through the thigh into the popliteal fossa. Gross anatomy Locati...

Infrapiriform foramen (mnemonic)

A mnemonic to remember the structures passing below the piriformis muscle in the greater sciatic foramen is: PIN PINS Mnemonic P: posterior cutaneous nerve of thigh (S1-3) I: inferior gluteal artery, vein and nerve (L5-S2) N: nerve to quadratus femoris (L4-S1) P: pudendal nerve (S2-4) I: ...

Medical abbreviations and acronyms (O)

This article contains a list of commonly used medical abbreviations and acronyms that start with the letter O and may be encountered in medicine and radiology (please keep the main list and any sublists in alphabetic order). A - B - C - D - E - F - G - H - I - J - K - L - M - N - O - P - Q - R...

Cor pulmonale

Cor pulmonale refers to altered structure and function of the right ventricle due to chronic lung disease-related pulmonary hypertension (group 3). The mechanism involves hypoxic vasoconstriction which leads to permanent changes in the pulmonary vascular bed. Cor pulmonale generally progresses s...

Hürthle cell thyroid carcinoma

Hürthle cell carcinoma, also known as oncocytic carcinoma, is a lesser-known subtype of differentiated thyroid carcinoma that was previously regarded as a variant of follicular thyroid cancer. It shares clinical presentation and patterns with follicular cancer 1,2. Epidemiology Hürthle cell ca...

Traumatic posterior fossa subdural hematoma in neonates

Traumatic posterior fossa subdural hematoma (TPFSH) in neonates is a traumatic complication at birth. It is extremely rare. Although traumatic posterior fossa subdural hematoma is a very rare condition, it is clinically critical as it may compress the ventricular system or the brainstem and can ...

ACC/AHA classification of coronary lesions

ACC/AHA classification of coronary lesions is a system used to classify coronary arterial calcific plaque burden. Usage The classification is used to predict the short- and long-term outcomes of patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention. It was originally used to identify ideal ca...

Assessment of thyroid lesions (general)

Assessment of thyroid lesions is commonly encountered in radiological practice. Thyroid mass hyperplastic/colloid nodule/nodular hyperplasia: 85% adenoma follicular: 5% others: rare primary thyroid cancer (carcinoma) papillary: 60-80% of carcinomas follicular: 10-20% medullary: 5% anap...

Medical abbreviations and acronyms (Y)

This article contains a list of commonly used medical abbreviations and acronyms that start with the letter Y and may be encountered in medicine and radiology (please keep the main list and any sublists in alphabetic order). A - B - C - D - E - F - G - H - I - J - K - L - M - N - O - P - Q - R ...

Susac syndrome

Susac syndrome, also known as retinocochleocerebral vasculopathy or SICRET syndrome (small infarctions of cochlear, retinal and encephalic tissue), is a rare syndrome typically affecting young to middle-aged women that is clinically characterized by the triad of acute or subacute encephalopathy,...

Radical cystectomy

A radical cystectomy is a surgical treatment in patients most commonly indicated for patients with muscle-invasive bladder cancer. Indications muscle-invasive bladder cancer 8 non-muscle invasive bladder cancer to local treatment (e.g. BCG therapy) 2,8 neurogenic or nonfunctioning bladder in...

PGMI image evaluation system of mammography

PGMI (Perfect, Good, Moderate, Inadequate) image evaluation system (IES) was developed by the United Kingdom Mammography Trainers Group with the support of the College of Radiographers, aiming to ensure the maintenance of a high standard of mammography in breast screening and to facilitate a met...

Tabar 5-tier grading system

The Tabar 5-tier grading system is used to classify mammographic lesions. This system should not be confused with the Tabar classification of parenchymal patterns in breast imaging. Usage The Tabar classification is in common use during breast screening in Australia and New Zealand (c. 2018...

Cerebral cavernous venous malformation

Cerebral cavernous venous malformations, also commonly known as cavernous hemangiomas or cavernomas, are common cerebral vascular malformations, usually with characteristic appearances on MRI. It is the third most common cerebral vascular malformation after developmental venous anomaly and capil...

Dead pixel artifact

Dead pixel artifact is an artifact seen in direct digital radiography systems where a detector element fails to receive a proper signal and therefore appears as a bright white dot in an x-ray image. A defective pixel on the display monitor can also lead to a white dot appearance (termed stuck p...

Cyclops lesion (knee)

The cyclops lesion, also known as localized anterior arthrofibrosis, is a painful anterior knee mass associated with loss of extension that arises as a complication of anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction, although has rarely been reported in patients with ACL injuries that have not b...

Nasogastric tube positioning

Assessment of nasogastric (NG) tube positioning is a key competency of all doctors as unidentified malpositioning may have dire consequences, including death. Radiographic features Plain radiograph A correctly placed nasogastric tube should 10: descend in the midline, following the path of ...

Turtleback sign

Turtleback sign or carapace sign, described as tortoise-shell appearance, represents a characteristic appearance of chronic hepatic schistosomiasis in which liver margins are irregular and nodular. Dystrophic calcifications within a polygonal network of fibrous septa are seen in the periphery, o...

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