Articles
Articles are a collaborative effort to provide a single canonical page on all topics relevant to the practice of radiology. As such, articles are written and continuously improved upon by countless contributing members. Our dedicated editors oversee each edit for accuracy and style. Find out more about articles.
More than 200 results
Article
Tuberculum-venous confluence line
The tuberculum-venous confluence line is a midsagittal line formed by the interconnection between the Galenic venous confluence (which includes the internal cerebral veins, the mesencephalic veins, and the basal veins of Rosenthal) and the tuberculum sella 1.
This is an artificial reference lin...
Article
Incisural line
The incisural line is a midsagittal line connecting the Galenic venous confluence point (which includes the internal cerebral veins, the mesencephalic veins, and the basal veins of Rosenthal) with the base of the dorsum sella 1.
It is a fixed anatomically based line of reference at the tentori...
Article
Marshall classification of traumatic brain injury
The Marshall classification of traumatic brain injury is a CT scan-derived metric using only a few features and has been shown to predict outcomes in patients with traumatic brain injury (TBI).
Usage
This system was first published in 1992 1, building on findings from a large cohort of head i...
Article
Congenital pseudoarthrosis of the tibia
Congenital pseudoarthrosis of the tibia, or anterolateral bowing of the tibia with congenital dysplasia, describes abnormal bowing that can progress to a segment of bone loss simulating the appearance of a joint. The condition is usually apparent shortly after birth and rarely diagnosed after ag...
Article
Gamma nail
The gamma nail or trochanteric nail is an osteosynthetic implant designed to treat proximal femoral fractures in the trochanter area with a closed intramedullary fixation method.
The gamma nail consists of a funnel-shaped intramedullary nail with slight bending to reflect proximal femoral diaph...
Article
Hip dislocation
Hip dislocation is a relatively rare entity and may be congenital or acquired. It has a relatively high morbidity.
Epidemiology
Hip dislocations account for ~5% of all dislocations 3.
Pathology
There are numerous patterns of dislocation 1,9:
posterior hip dislocation (most common ~85%)
a...
Article
Anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction
Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction is a common procedure post ACL tear. It 's aim is to rebuild the anatomy and function of the native ACL and reduce knee joint instability, thus it will prevent any further meniscal and/or cartilage damage.
Procedure
There are numerous surgical t...
Article
Burned-out testis tumor
Burned-out testis tumors may be present if there is metastatic retroperitoneal lymphadenopathy, but the primary testicular tumor is a relatively occult, scarred intratesticular focus. Approximately 50% of the "burned-out" tumors continue to harbor malignant cells.
Pathology
Retroperitoneal ger...
Article
Bone tumors (overview)
The term bone tumor can be applied to a bewildering number of entities including primary and metastatic neoplasms as well as a variety of metabolic, developmental, lymphoid, reactive and tumor-like lesions that affect bone1-4. Hence, there are a wide variety of radiological appearances.
A syste...
Article
Kaplan fibers of iliotibial band
Kaplan fibers (KFs) are distinct fibrous connections between the iliotibial band and the distal femoral metaphysis.
Gross anatomy
Kaplan fibers are divided into two distinct structures 1:
proximal Kaplan fibers (PKF)
distal Kaplan fibers (DKF)
Both proximal Kaplan fibers and distal Kaplan f...
Article
Gout
Gout is a crystal arthropathy due to deposition of monosodium urate crystals in and around the joints.
Epidemiology
Typically occurs in those above 40 years. There is a strong male predilection of 20:1, with this predilection more pronounced in younger and middle-aged adults. In the elderly, t...
Article
Tophus
Tophi (plural of tophus) usually appear as lumps on the skin over affected joints due to deposits of monosodium urate crystals in patients with longstanding high levels of serum uric acid (hyperuricemia). Tophi are a pathognomonic feature of gout.
Clinical presentation
Tophi are firm, yellow, ...
Article
Crowned dens syndrome
Crowned dens syndrome is an inflammatory condition resulting from crystal deposition in the cruciform and alar ligaments surrounding the dens, appearing as a radiopaque "crown" surrounding the top of the dens. It typically presents with pain and increased inflammatory markers.
Terminology
The...
Article
Conditions with lower lobe predominance (mnemonic)
Mnemonics for conditions with a lower lobe predominance in chest radiology include:
CIA
LICA
BAD AS
RASCO
Mnemonics
CIA
C: collagen vascular diseases
I: idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis
A: asbestosis
LICA
L: lymphoid interstitial pneumonia.
I: idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis
C: collagen ...
Article
Thyroid gland
The thyroid gland is a single midline endocrine organ in the anterior neck responsible for thyroid hormone production. It lies in the visceral space, completely enveloped by the pretracheal fascia (the middle layer of the deep cervical fascia).
Gross anatomy
The thyroid extends from C5 to T1 a...
Article
Hesselbach triangle
The Hesselbach triangle or the inguinal triangle is a triangular area on the inferior interior aspect of the anterior abdominal wall within the groin. It is one of the areas of weakness in the anterior abdominal wall
Gross anatomy
Boundaries
base: inguinal ligament
lateral border: inferior e...
Article
Cyclops lesion (knee)
The cyclops lesion, also known as localized anterior arthrofibrosis, is a painful anterior knee mass associated with loss of extension that arises as a complication of anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction, although has rarely been reported in patients with ACL injuries that have not b...
Article
Anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction complications (overview)
Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction complications are common, occurring in 10-25% of patients.
Clinical presentation
Patients with complications of ACL reconstruction can present with decreased range of motion (impingement or arthrofibrosis) and/or laxity (graft rupture or stretchi...
Article
Radiographic evaluation of anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction
Radiographic evaluation of anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction involves:
femoral component
a line is drawn along the posterior cortex of the femur
a second line is drawn along the roof of the intercondylar notch of the femur (Blumensaat line)
the point of intersection of these tw...
Article
Pulmonary emphysema
Pulmonary emphysema is defined as the "abnormal permanent enlargement of the airspaces distal to the terminal bronchioles accompanied by destruction of the alveolar wall 1. The criteria "absence of obvious fibrosis" may not be necessary because interstitial fibrosis may be present in cigarette s...
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