Articles
Articles are a collaborative effort to provide a single canonical page on all topics relevant to the practice of radiology. As such, articles are written and continuously improved upon by countless contributing members. Our dedicated editors oversee each edit for accuracy and style. Find out more about articles.
More than 200 results
Article
Pulmonary infarction
Pulmonary infarction occurs secondary to vascular obstruction or occlusion 11. It is one of the key complications of pulmonary embolism (PE).
Epidemiology
Pulmonary infarction occurs in the minority (10-15%) of patients with PE 1. However, in a necropsy study of those with lethal PE, 60% of c...
Article
Honeycombing (lungs)
Honeycombing describes small adjacent subpleural cystic structures in the context of established pulmonary fibrosis with destruction of lung parenchyma and loss of architecture 11. A single layer of cysts is now considered sufficient to apply this descriptor if other signs of pulmonary fibrosis ...
Article
Maxillary sinus
The maxillary sinus (or antrum of Highmore) is a paired pyramid-shaped paranasal sinus within the maxillary bone which drains via the maxillary ostium into the infundibulum, then through hiatus semilunaris into the middle meatus. It is the largest of the paranasal sinuses.
Summary
location: pa...
Article
Vein of Galen aneurysmal malformation
Vein of Galen aneurysmal malformations (VGAMs), probably better termed median prosencephalic arteriovenous fistulas, are uncommon intracranial anomalies that tend to present dramatically during early childhood with features of a left-to-right shunt and high-output cardiac failure.
Epidemiology
...
Article
Familial multiple cavernous malformation syndrome
The familial multiple cavernous malformation syndrome, or familial cerebral cavernous malformation syndrome, is uncommon, accounting for only a minority of cavernous malformations.
Epidemiology
It has been more frequently reported in patients of Hispanic descent 1.
Diagnosis
The definition o...
Article
Renal cell carcinoma
Renal cell carcinomas (RCC) (historically also known as hypernephroma or Grawitz tumor) are primary malignant adenocarcinomas derived from the renal tubular epithelium and are the most common malignant renal tumor. They usually occur in 50-70-year old patients and macroscopic hematuria occurs in...
Article
Perianal abscess
Perianal abscess refers to a formed infective-inflammatory collection within the perianal region. It forms part of the broader group of anorectal abscesses. They are often associated with perianal fistulae and are components of grades 2 and 4 fistulae of the St James’ University Hospital classif...
Article
Transient ischemic attack
Transient ischemic attacks (TIAs) describe a transient episode of neurological dysfunction caused by focal brain, spinal cord, or retinal ischemia, without acute infarction.
Terminology
In the past, transient ischemic attack was arbitrarily distinguished from stroke by the duration of neurolo...
Article
Septate gallbladder
Septate gallbladder is a congenital variant where there may be a single septum or multiple septa in the gallbladder splitting its lumen into several parts.
Terminology
When there are multiple septa subdividing the gallbladder the condition is also known as multiseptate or honeycomb gallbladder...
Article
Wirsungocele
Wirsungocele refers to a cystic dilatation of the pancreatic duct of Wirsung, which is the portion of ventral duct between the dorsal-ventral junction and major duodenal papilla. It is believed to be analogous to a choledochocele and santorinicele.
Clinical presentation
It may be an incidental...
Article
Periapical granuloma
Periapical granuloma (plural: granulomas or granulomata) refers to a localized mass-like region of chronic granulation tissue in relation to teeth formed in response to infection. It often results in relation to chronic apical periodontitis.
Terminology
The name of this condition is a misnomer...
Article
FABER test
The FABER (Flexion, ABduction and External Rotation) test and also sometimes called the Patrick test) is a diagnostic test for pathology of the hip joint or sacroiliac joint.
It is done by having the leg flexed and thigh abducted and externally rotated with the patient lying supine. The knee a...
Article
Orbital epidermoid cyst
Orbital epidermoid cysts are a rare cause of an orbital mass.
Clinical presentation
Patients most commonly present with a mass and lid swelling 1.
Pathology
Orbital epidermoid cysts can be congenital, acquired (e.g. post-surgery, trauma), or lacrimal gland duct obstruction 3. They can be a...
Article
Strasberg classification of bile duct injury
The Strasberg classification of bile duct injury is a widely used system to anatomically define bile duct injuries occurring during laparoscopic surgery. The classification is based on the location of injury 1,4,5.
Classification
The classification is divided into five types, with type E inco...
Article
Renal transplant torsion
Renal transplant torsion is a very rare complication of renal transplant, occurring mostly in intraperitoneal transplants because of the increased mobility compared to extraperitoneal transplants, which are less mobile.
Clinical presentation
Non-specific clinical symptoms such as nausea, abdo...
Article
Peritoneal loose body
Peritoneal loose bodies or peritoneal mice are calcified pieces of necrotic tissue in the peritoneal cavity. They are usually asymptomatic and small, ranging from 0.5 to 2.5 cm in size, but rarely may be up to 5 to 10 cm.
Clinical presentation
Loose bodies are usually asymptomatic 1.
Patholo...
Article
Celiac artery dissection
Celiac artery dissection is a type of arterial dissection. Dissection of the celiac artery is rarely seen as a primary phenomenon and is most often encountered due to propagation of an aortic dissection.
Epidemiology
Celiac artery dissection is usually iatrogenic but may also be secondary to:
...
Article
Necrobiotic pulmonary nodules
Necrobiotic pulmonary nodules are sterile cavitating lung nodules associated with rheumatoid arthritis and inflammatory bowel disease (more often with ulcerative colitis than Crohn disease).
Epidemiology
They are more common in men 5.
Associations
Caplan syndrome
Clinical presentation
Us...
Article
Rubinstein-Taybi syndrome
Rubinstein-Taybi syndrome (RTS) is a very rare genetic multi-system disorder primarily characterized by intellectual disability, broad and often angulated thumbs and halluces, and distinctive facial features.
Epidemiology
The estimated incidence is 1 in 100,000-125,000 live births 5.
Clinical...
Article
Empty sella
An empty sella, also known as an empty pituitary fossa, refers to the appearance of the sella turcica when the pituitary gland appears shrunken or invisible and CSF fills the space instead. It is commonly an incidental finding of no clinical significance, but there exists a well-established asso...
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