Articles

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More than 200 results
Article

In situ contouring

In situ contouring is a surgical technique used in thoracolumbar scoliosis surgery and thoracolumbar fracture reduction and fixation.  Procedure Thoracolumbar scoliosis surgery The key of this technique is to "make the rod take the shape of the spine and then to make the spine take the shape ...
Article

Coarctation of the aorta

Coarctation of the aorta (CoA) refers to a narrowing of the aortic lumen. Epidemiology Coarctations account for between 5-8% of all congenital heart defects. They are more frequent in males, M:F ratio of ~2-3:1. Associations As with many congenital abnormalities, coarctation of the aorta is ...
Article

Interrupted aortic arch

Interrupted aortic arch (IAA) is an uncommon congenital cardiovascular anomaly where there is a separation between the ascending and descending aorta. It can either be complete or connected by a remnant fibrous band. An accompanying large ventricular septal defect (VSD) and/or patent ductus arte...
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Extensor carpi ulnaris tendinopathy

Extensor carpi ulnaris (ECU) tendinopathy is varied and includes tendinosis, (stenosing) tenosynovitis, tendon instability, and (rarely) rupture.  Epidemiology Athletes at increased risk of ECU tendinopathy include those who participate in 1,2: racquet sports, e.g. tennis club sports, e.g. g...
Article

Ulnar nerve dislocation (at elbow)

Ulnar nerve dislocation (or it if occurs to lesser degree ulnar nerve subluxation) at the elbow is an uncommon cause of pain and paresthesia in the ulnar nerve distribution. It occurs if the ulnar nerve subluxes and then dislocates over the anterior aspect of the medial epicondyle during flexion...
Article

Hepatic abscess

Hepatic abscesses, like abscesses elsewhere, are localized collections of necrotic inflammatory tissue caused by bacterial, parasitic, or fungal agents.  Epidemiology The frequency of individual infective agents as causes of liver abscesses are intimately linked to the demographics of the affe...
Article

Scleritis

Scleritis refers to inflammation of the sclera. It has a wide range of causes. Epidemiology It can affect any age group but usually those between ages 30 and 50 years. There is a recognized increased female predilection (F:M of ~2:1). Associations Scleritis can be associated with systemic in...
Article

Cornuate navicular

A cornuate navicular (also termed a Geist type 3 accessory navicular) is considered a fused variant of accessory navicular bones. Radiographic features It may be seen as a prominent bony projection to the medial aspect of the navicular bone. Plain radiograph Seen as a prominent medial navicu...
Article

Accessory navicular

An accessory navicular is a large accessory ossicle that can be present adjacent to the medial side of the navicular bone. The tibialis posterior tendon often inserts with a broad attachment into the ossicle. Most cases are asymptomatic but in a small proportion, it may cause painful tendinosis ...
Article

Subarachnoid cisterns

The subarachnoid cisterns, or basal cisterns, are compartments within the subarachnoid space where the pia mater and arachnoid membrane are not in close approximation and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) forms pools or cisterns (Latin: "box"). As they are interconnected, their patency is essential for ...
Article

Suprascapular neuropathy

Suprascapular neuropathy or suprascapular nerve entrapment occurs if the suprascapular nerve is compressed as it passes through the suprascapular or spinoglenoid notch. Epidemiology Suprascapular nerve entrapment is a relatively rare but often overlooked cause of shoulder pain 1-3. Risk facto...
Article

Quadrigeminal cistern

The quadrigeminal cistern (also known as superior cistern or cistern of the great cerebral vein) is one of the CSF-filled subarachnoid cisterns. Boundaries The boundaries of the quadrigeminal cistern are as follows 2: anterior: quadrigeminal plate of the midbrain (or colliculi) posterior: th...
Article

Subependymoma

Subependymomas are uncommon, benign (WHO grade 1) tumors which are slow-growing and non-invasive. They tend to occur in middle-aged and older individuals and usually identified as an incidental finding.  Terminology These tumors were previously also known as subependymal astrocytomas, not to b...
Article

Megalencephalic leukoencephalopathy with subcortical cysts

Megalencephalic leukoencephalopathy with subcortical cysts, also known as Van der Knaap disease, refers to a rare inherited autosomal recessive disease characterized by diffuse subcortical leukoencephalopathy associated with white matter cystic degeneration.  Epidemiology The age at symptoms m...
Article

Polymicrogyria

Polymicrogyria is a focal brain abnormality characterized by excessive abnormal small cerebral gyri with cortical over-folding, creating an irregular cortical surface and ill-defined grey-white matter junction 14. Counter-intuitively, it often appears as cortical thickening and simplification wh...
Article

Bern score

The Bern score, also known as the brain spontaneous intracranial hypotension (bSIH) score, is a predictive score derived from brain MRI findings in patients with suspected spontaneous intracranial hypotension. It stratifies patients into high, intermediate or low probability of finding a spinal ...
Article

Germinal matrix hemorrhage (grading mnemonic)

A mnemonic to remember the radiological grading of germinal matrix hemorrhage is: CV2P  Mnemonic It can be read as a central venous line C: limited to the caudothalamic groove/ germinal matrix ( grade I ) V: expansion into ventricles less than 50% ( grade II ) V: dilated ventricles ( grade...
Article

Intracranial mesenchymal tumor, FET-CREB fusion-positive

Intracranial mesenchymal tumors, FET-CREB fusion-positive, are rare only recently described soft tissue neoplasms of intermediate malignancy. They are characterized by the fusion of the FET family of RNA-binding proteins to the CREB family of transcription factors, also seen in extracranial angi...
Article

Germinal matrix hemorrhage (grading)

Grading of germinal matrix hemorrhage has taken several forms over the years. The most commonly used system is the sonographic grading system proposed by Burstein, Papile, et al.  Classification grade I restricted to subependymal region/germinal matrix which is seen in the caudothalamic groov...
Article

Intraventricular hemorrhage of the newborn

Intraventricular hemorrhage of the newborn is a distinct entity and considered separately from intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH) in adults. In neonates, IVH is the result of germinal matrix hemorrhage, which ruptures through the ependymal lining and into the lateral ventricles. Other causes of...
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