Osteonecrosis of the femoral head

Last revised by Tariq Walizai on 11 Dec 2024

Osteonecrosis of the femoral head, previously known as avascular necrosis (AVN) of the hip, is the most common site for osteonecrosis, presumably due to a combination of precarious blood supply and high loading when standing. 

Idiopathic osteonecrosis of the femoral head epiphysis in children (Perthes disease) is typically considered separately; thus the remainder of the article pertains to osteonecrosis in the skeletally mature population.

Typically affects adults under 50 years of age 12.

The most common presenting symptom is pain in the region of the affected hip, thigh, groin, and buttock. However, few patients may remain asymptomatic until the late stages.

Typically it affects the superior articular surface (between 10-2 o'clock) and begins in the most anterior part of the hip.

It can be thought of as traumatic (secondary to the neck of femur fractures) or non-traumatic. Traumatic osteonecrosis is usually unilateral 10. In non-traumatic cases, it is mostly bilateral in 70-80% 10.

Other than describing the general appearance of the affected region, the following are necessary to include in the report as they have a bearing on prognosis and treatment:

  • position 

  • estimating percentage volume of the head involved (axial) and percentage weight-bearing surface involved (coronal)

  • coexisting osteoarthritis or secondary degenerative change

  • joint effusion

  • presence of a potentially unstable osteochondral fragment: rim sign

  • subchondral fractures

CT is often more sensitive than plain film in showing subchondral fractures.

MRI is the most sensitive modality, with a sensitivity of 71-100% and specificity of 94-100% 1. As there is a high rate of bilateral involvement, both hips should be included in the field of view of at least some sequences.

  • T1: usually the initial specific findings are areas of low signal intensity representing edema, which can be bordered by a hyperintense line that represents blood products

  • T2: may show a second hyperintense inner line between normal marrow and ischemic marrow; this appearance is highly specific for osteonecrosis of the hip and is known as the "double-line sign"

Several staging systems for osteonecrosis of the hip exist. The earliest and most commonly used is the Ficat and Arlet classification (1980) which includes x-ray, MRI and bone scan appearances. The Steinberg classification (1995) is similar but quantifies the involvement of the femoral head. The Mitchell classification (1987) is commonly utilized for MRI images. The ARCO classification (2019) encompasses both x-ray and MRI 10.

In some situations consider:

General imaging differential considerations include:

Cases and figures

  • Figure 1: blood supply to the femoral head
  • Case 1
  • Case 2
  • Case 3
  • Case 4
  • Case 5
  • Case 6: bilateral
  • Case 7
  • Case 8
  • Case 9: bilateral metachronous
  • Case 10
  • Case 11
  • Case 12
  • Case 13: with sickle cell disease
  • Case 14: post subcapital NOF fracture
  • Case 15
  • Case 16
  • Case 17
  • Case 18: steroid induced
  • Case 19: with treated aplastic anemia
  • Case 20
  • Case 21
  • Case 22
  • Case 23
  • Case 24: bilateral humeral and femoral heads
  • Case 25
  • Case 26
  • Case 27
  • Case 28
  • Case 29
  • Case 30
  • Case 31
  • Case 32
  • Case 33: post-core decompression
  • Case 34: sickle cell disease
  • Case 35: avascular necrosis (bilateral)
  • Case 36: staging with follow-up x-rays
  • Case 37
  • Case 38: bilateral

Imaging differential diagnosis

  • Secondary degenerative change of the hip joint
:

Updating… Please wait.

 Unable to process the form. Check for errors and try again.

 Thank you for updating your details.