Citation, DOI, disclosures and article data
Citation:
Dang D, Rasuli B, Hacking C, et al. Palmer classification of TFCC abnormalities. Reference article, Radiopaedia.org (Accessed on 07 Mar 2025) https://doi.org/10.53347/rID-5191
Palmer classification for triangular fibrocartilage complex (TFCC) abnormalities is based on the cause, location, and degree of injury 1:
Class 1 - traumatic injury
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a: central perforation of the triangular fibrocartilage (TFC) disc proper
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b: ulnar avulsion with or without distal ulnar fracture
- may involve the proximal or distal lamina (foveal and styloid attachment, respectively), or both
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c: distal avulsion of the TFCC involving ulnotriquetral and ulnolunate ligaments
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d: radial avulsion of the TFC disc proper +/- sigmoid notch fracture
Class 2 - degenerative injury (ulnocarpal abutment syndrome)
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a: TFCC wear with thinning/fraying without perforation
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b: TFCC wear in 2a with lunate, triquetral and/or ulnar chondromalacia
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c: TFCC perforation +/- 2b chondromalacia
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d: lunotriquetral ligament perforation +/ features of 2a, 2b and/or 2c
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e: any or all of above with ulnocarpal arthritis
See also
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1. Oneson SR, Scales LM, Timins ME et-al. MR imaging interpretation of the Palmer classification of triangular fibrocartilage complex lesions. Radiographics. 1996;16 (1): 97-106. doi:10.1148/radiographics.16.1.97 - Pubmed citation
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2. Burns JE, Tanaka T, Ueno T et-al. Pitfalls that may mimic injuries of the triangular fibrocartilage and proximal intrinsic wrist ligaments at MR imaging. Radiographics. 2011;31 (1): 63-78. doi:10.1148/rg.311105114 - Pubmed citation
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3. Ng AWH, Griffith JF, Fung CSY, Lee RKL, Tong CSL, Wong CWY, Tse WL, Ho PC. MR imaging of the traumatic triangular fibrocartilaginous complex tear. (2017) Quantitative imaging in medicine and surgery. 7 (4): 443-460. doi:10.21037/qims.2017.07.01 - Pubmed
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4. Skalski MR, White EA, Patel DB, Schein AJ, RiveraMelo H, Matcuk GR. The Traumatized TFCC: An Illustrated Review of the Anatomy and Injury Patterns of the Triangular Fibrocartilage Complex. (2016) Current problems in diagnostic radiology. 45 (1): 39-50. doi:10.1067/j.cpradiol.2015.05.004 - Pubmed
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