Vagal nerve stimulators, or vagus nerve stimulators (VNS), are implantable devices used to treat a number of conditions, although the mechanism of action has not been completely elucidated.
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Indications
Vagal nerve stimulators are indicated in patients with 1-3:
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drug-refractory epilepsy
treatment-resistant major depressive disorder
stroke for rehabilitation
Procedure
The internal pulse generator is typically inserted below the left clavicle and the leads traverse towards the vagus nerve, typically the left, in the lower neck.
Complications
hoarse voice
throat pain
coughing
shortness of breath
muscle pain and/or paresthesias in areas supplied by the vagus nerve
Differential diagnosis
The differential is that of other implantable devices in the chest (however the lead course should be obvious) such as: