Articles
Articles are a collaborative effort to provide a single canonical page on all topics relevant to the practice of radiology. As such, articles are written and edited by countless contributing members over a period of time. A global group of dedicated editors oversee accuracy, consulting with expert advisers, and constantly reviewing additions.
1,956 results found
Article
Pulmonary vein isolation ablation
Pulmonary vein isolation (PVI) ablation is a minimally invasive procedure that is used to treat atrial fibrillation. It either uses hot or cold substances to create scar tissue around the pulmonary ostial regions which in turn disrupt abnormal electrical signals that cause atrial fibrillation.
...
Article
Reactive airways dysfunction syndrome
Reactive airways dysfunction syndrome (RADS) is an airway inflammatory condition often defined as the sudden onset of asthma-like symptoms following high-level exposure to an agent such as corrosive gas, vapor, or fumes. Some publications suggest this a subset or variant of asthma 2-3.
Patients...
Article
Apnea-hypopnea index
The apnea-hypopnea index (AHI) is a clinical tool to assess severity of obstructive sleep apnea. It is taken as the combined average number of apneoas and hypopnoeas occurring per hour of sleep.
According to the American Academy of Sleep Medicine (AASM) it is categorized into
mild (5-15 events...
Article
Methotrexate induced pneumonitis
Methotrexate induced pneumonitis is characterized by interstitial inflammation of the lung parenchyma which can be life-threatening. Methotrexate induced pneumonitis falls under a subtype under the broader category of methotrexate induced lung disease.
Diagnosis of methotrexate-induced pneumoni...
Article
Perilobular fibrosis
Perilobular fibrosis is a pattern pulmonary fibrosis which is manifested by increased fibrosis along the peripheral aspects of a secondary pulmonary lobule and can superficially resembles interlobular septal thickening. It is usually described with cryptogenic organizing pneumonia (present in ar...
Article
Hiatal surface area
The hiatal surface area (HSA) is a measurement that has been proposed to define the size of the hiatal defect in the preoperative assessment of a hiatus hernia. It allows to determine the two-dimensional expanse of the hiatal orifice and then adapts the crural closure to the exact dimension of t...
Article
Undifferentiated connective tissue disease
Undifferentiated connective tissue disease (UCTD) is a type of connective tissue disease. UCTD should not be confused with mixed connective tissue disease (MCTD) as these two entities describe patient populations with different characteristics.
Pathology
UCTD comprises patients who have clini...
Article
Thymic tumor (staging)
The thymic tumor staging using the TNM staging system only applies to the epithelial types including thymoma, thymic carcinoma, and neuroendocrine tumors of the thymus. It does not apply to thymic sarcoma, primary thymic lymphoma or other rare tumors.
This staging system is based upon recommend...
Article
Vertebral arteria lusoria
Vertebral arteria lusoria is an extremely rare anatomical variant of the aortic arch, whereby the right vertebral artery arises from the aorta distal to the left subclavian artery 1. The aberrant right vertebral artery has a retro-esophageal and retrotracheal course before entering a cervical tr...
Article
Lung shunt fraction
The hepato-pulmonary lung shunt fraction (LSF) is a parameter that is used to assess the safety of transarterial radioembolization/selective internal radiation therapy of liver tumors. Excessive arteriovenous shunting can cause radiation pneumonitis.
The lung shunt fraction = (total lung counts...
Article
Four corners sign (CT chest)
The four corners sign describes an axial CT feature seen in some forms interstitial lung disease where affected regions disproportionately involve the bilateral anterolateral upper lobes and posterosuperior lower lobes. Reticular opacities, ground-glass attenuation and/or honeycombing appear dis...
Article
Tropical pulmonary eosinophilia
Tropical pulmonary eosinophilia (TPE) is a pulmonary condition of an overreactive immune response to microfilaria trapped in the lungs. TPE is a distinct entity with specific symptoms and diagnostic criteria that differentiate it from other types of eosinophilia in tropical regions.
This artic...
Article
Endobronchial blocker device
An endobronchial blocker (also sometimes referred to a bronchial blocker) is a flexible tube with an inflatable balloon at its distal end. The device is purposefully inserted into the proximal aspect of a main bronchus to induce one lung ventilation. It may be placed via bronchoscopic guidance o...
Article
Anti Sjögren syndrome related antigen antibodies
Anti Sjögren’s syndrome related antigen antibodies are a group of antibodies against autoantigens which include
Ro/SSA
anti-Ro52
anti-Ro60
La/SSB
They are currently thought to be associated a number of autoimmune conditions.
They were originally identified in patients with
Sjögren syndrom...
Article
Confluent centrilobular emphysema
Confluent centrilobular emphysema is one of the proposed subtypes of classifying emphysema (primarily centrilobular emphysema). It is considered the second most severe from (although not as severe as advanced destructive emphysema) and characterized by coalescent centrilobular or lobular lucenci...
Article
Flip-flop fungus sign - FDG PET-CT
The flip-flop fungus sign suggests benign pulmonary disease on FDG-PET 4.
Lung cancer nodules demonstrate increasing FDG-avidity as the tumor grows. Lymph node spread occurs later and is therefore at an earlier stage of development and usually exhibits lower FDG-avidity 4.
Acutely, FDG-avidity...
Article
Bronchial artery collateral inflow artifact
Bronchial artery collateral inflow artifact is a flow-related artifact, seen as pulmonary artery smoke in patients with a background of bronchiectasis and chronic lung disease. It is often overdiagnosed as pulmonary embolism and requires CT aortic angiogram to be confirmed1.
Pathology
Bronchie...
Article
Pulmonary mycobacterium fortuitum infection
Pulmonary mycobacterium fortuitum infection is considered a rare form of pulmonary non-tuberculous mycobacterial infection occurring from the organism Mycobacterium fortuitum.
Presence of Mycobacterium fortuitum in respiratory tracts usually indicates mere colonization or transient infection al...
Article
Anti-RO52 antibodies
Anti-Ro52 antibodies are a form of antibodies which are associated with distinct clinical manifestations.
They target a protein called TRIM21 protein and can occur in a variety of connective tissue diseases (CTD) which include anti-Ro52-positive antisynthetase syndrome and with lung considered...
Article
Pulmonary artery flow artifact
Pulmonary artery flow artifact, also known as pulmonary artery smoke 1, is a non-uniform contrast opacification of pulmonary arteries due to a non-homogenous contrast-blood mixing, generally due to turbulent blood flow or an early acquisition.
It is a common pitfall, often overdiagnosed as a pu...
Article
Lung pulse sign (ultrasound)
The lung pulse sign refers to the sonographic finding of apparent oscillations of the pleural line occurring secondary to transmitted vibrations from cardiac contractile activity 1.
Typically obscured by the more apparent “lung sliding” as a result of ventilated lung expanding and contracting ...
Article
Eckhardt score
The Eckhardt score is a clinical scoring system commonly used to characterize the severity of achalasia.
It is a 12-point score which is as follows:
recent weight loss (kg)
none = 0
<5 kg = 1
5-10 kg = 2
>10 kg = 3
dysphagia
none = 0
occasional = 1
daily = 2
each meal = 3
retrosterna...
Article
Tertiary esophageal contractions
Tertiary esophageal contractions are a type of contractions of the esophagus often described as as the irregular contraction or indentations of the distal esophageal wall. Isolated tertiary esophageal waves of the non-repetitive type are thought to occur in normal subjects. Swallowing induced re...
Article
Disseminated histoplasmosis
Disseminated histoplasmosis, also known as progressive disseminated histoplasmosis, is a severe form of histoplasmosis infection typically seen in immunosuppressed patients, especially in the setting of HIV infection. It results from hematogenous dissemination of the infection, involving multipl...
Article
Diaphragmatic slips
Diaphragmatic slips are the muscular bundles that attach the central tendon of the diaphragm to the inside of the bones and cartilage of the lower 6-7 ribs, xiphoid process, lumbar vertebrae 1. They can mimic or help identify pathology when seen on imaging modalities.
Mimics
Diaphragmatic slip...
Article
Non-expandable lung
Non-expandable lung results from failure of the lung to re-expand even despite a therapeutic measure such as insertion of a chest tube. This can include two semantically similar but slightly different terms:
trapped lung: non-expandable lung due to remote / prior pleural inflammation
lung entr...
Article
Arterial thoracic outlet syndrome
Arterial thoracic outlet syndrome (aTOS) is considered rarest from of
thoracic outlet syndrome and can result in compression of arterial structures (especially the subclavian artery) at thoracic outlet, or superior thoracic aperture.
Many of these patients may also have concurrent venous thora...
Article
Signet ring (disambiguation)
The term signet ring refers to the characteristic shape of the jewelry item and in radiology and medicine may refer to the following:
signet ring sign (bronchiectasis)
signet ring sign (scaphoid)
signet ring sign of renal papillary necrosis in intravenous urography
signet ring ce...
Article
Cysts of Hattori
Cysts of Hattori, also known as posterior mediastinal paravertebral Müllerian cysts, are mediastinal cysts of Mullerian origin, lined by ciliated non-stratified cuboidal to columnar epithelium, that occur in the posterior mediastinum.
Epidemiology
Of all mediastinal masses, ~20% (range 10–30%)...
Article
Traumatic pneumatocoele
A traumatic pneumatocoele refers to a type of pneumatocoele which occurs secondary to a traumatic event (often blunt trauma).
There can be some overlap with the term "air containing pulmonary laceration". It characterized by single or multiple pulmonary cystic lesions usually accompanied by oth...
Article
Advanced destructive emphysema
Advanced destructive emphysema (ADE) is one of the proposed subtypes of classifying emphysema (primarily centrilobular emphysema). It is considered the most severe from and is panlobular radiolucencies characterized by hyperexpansion of secondary pulmonary lobules and distortion of pulmonary arc...
Article
Right paratracheal lymphadenopathy
Right paratracheal lymphadenopathy represents pathological involvement of any of the lymph nodes in the right upper (2R) and/or lower (4R) paratracheal nodal groups 1. These nodes are often also enlarged but this is not always the case.
The commonest causes are sarcoidosis, tuberculosis and lun...
Article
Normal hilar position (mnemonic)
A mnemonic to remember the normal position of the lung hila and pulmonary arteries is:
RALPH
Mnemonic
Right Anterior, Left Posterior and Higher
The left hilum is commonly higher than the right. The left pulmonary artery arches posterosuperiorly over the left mainstem bronchus, whereas the ri...
Article
Acute exogenous lipoid pneumonia
Acute exogenous lipoid pneumonia is an uncommon form of exogenous lipoid pneumonia and is typically caused by the aerosolization and aspiration of a highly viscous hydrocarbon, such as vegetable oil, mineral oil or petroleum jelly 5. The more common pulmonary toxicity exerted by hydrocarbons is ...
Article
Sharp mediastinum sign
The sharp mediastinum sign is a unique sign in neonatal chest x-rays for medial pneumothoraces or pneumomediastinum, especially as a complication to mechanical ventilation for respiratory distress syndrome (RDS).
Radiographic features
Plain radiograph
As neonatal chest x-rays are taken with t...
Article
CT neck, chest, abdomen-pelvis (NCAP protocol)
The CT neck chest-abdomen-pelvis protocol aims to evaluate the neck, thoracic and abdominal structures using contrast in trauma imaging. The use of contrast facilitates the assessment of pathologies globally whilst minimizing dose by potentially disregarding a non-contrast scan.
Note: This art...
Article
Reversible bronchiectasis
Reversible bronchiectasis is a term describing dilated bronchial tree in a patient with a collapsed (atelectatic) lobe. It is thought to be due to increased tension on the bronchial wall by the collapsed lung. The dilated bronchi usually return to their normal size when the lung expands. The phr...
Article
Sporotrichosis
Sporotrichosis is a rare chronic fungal infection.
Pathology
Sporotrichosis is caused by a dimorphic fungus Sporothrix spp.:
Sporothrix schenckii: considered the most common and can affect the respiratory system
Sporothrix brasiliensis
Sporothrix globosa
Sporothrix pallida
Sporothrix mexi...
Article
Non-fibrotic hypersensitivity pneumonitis
Non-fibrotic hypersensitivity pneumonitis is a phenotypical form of hypersensitivity pneumonitis and one of the main two subtypes under the newer classification systems.
Radiographic features
CT
Described features include 1
mosaic attenuation pattern: typically reflects coexistent lobules af...
Article
Phrenic plexus
The phrenic plexus (plural: plexuses) is an autonomic nerve plexus and ganglia in the upper abdomen. It is a lateral epiarterial extension of the celiac plexus.
Summary
location: the bilateral ganglia and plexuses lie along the inferior phrenic arteries
origin: preganglionic sympathetic fiber...
Article
Pulmonary plexus
The pulmonary plexus is a network of autonomic nerves and ganglia situated at the pulmonary hila of each lung which regulates bronchial smooth muscle tone, submucosal glandular mucous secretion, vascular permeability and blood flow. It is derived from both the sympathetic and parasympathetic ner...
Article
Autonomic ganglia and plexuses
The autonomic ganglia and plexuses are a collection of ganglia where autonomic preganglionic neurons arising from the CNS synapse with postganglionic neurons outside the CNS, i.e. in the peripheral nervous system. Many of the ganglia contain nerves of the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous ...
Article
Bronchiectasis Radiologically Indexed CT Score
The Bronchiectasis Radiologically Indexed CT Score (BRICS) is a severity assessment score for bronchiectasis, developed from a cohort of patients with idiopathic and postinfectious bronchiectasis, and was developed by combining the parameters of bronchial dilatation and number of bronchopulmonar...
Article
Benign vs malignant pulmonary nodule
Differentiating benign from malignant pulmonary nodules is of great importance as it determines the further course of management of the patient.
Benign pulmonary nodule
size: the smaller the size the more likely to be benign
~80% of benign nodules are <2 cm in size.
margin: smooth, regular; ...
Article
Protracted bacterial bronchitis
Protracted bacterial bronchitis is one of the most common causes of cough in children, particularly those aged <6 years. Is it characterized by a chronic wet cough with no associated cause and tends to respond to 2 weeks of antibiotic therapy.
Epidemiology
Protracted bacterial bronchitis is th...
Article
Normal imaging examples
This article lists examples of normal imaging divided by body region and system.
brain
head and neck
spine
chest
breast
gastrointestinal
genitourinary
hepatobiliary
upper limb
lower limb
pediatrics
Article
Pneumonitis
Pneumonitis is a broad descriptive term indicating inflammation of the lung. In clinical practice and more specifically radiology, pneumonitis refers to inflammation of the pulmonary interstitium. The term is often used interchangeably with interstitial pneumonia.
Etiology
hypersensitivity pne...
Article
Acute esophageal necrosis
Acute esophageal necrosis, sometimes known as Black esophagus or esophageal stroke, is a rare entity characterized by patchy or diffuse circumferential black pigmentation of the esophageal mucosa from ischemic necrosis.
It is classically characterized by a striking endoscopic image of diffuse, ...
Article
Peribronchiolar metaplasia
Peribronchiolar metaplasia is a partially recognized pathological entity characterized by fibrosis of the alveolar septa adjacent to terminal bronchioles and alveolar ducts, with bronchiolar-type epithelial metaplasia of the peribronchiolar alveolar walls. It is currently only accepted by some a...
Article
Pulmonary mycobacterium chimaera infection
Pulmonary mycobacterium chimaera infection is a rare form of non-tuberculous myobacterial infection.
Epidemiology
Although rare, it is recognized as an emerging opportunistic threat in patients undergoing coronary arterial bypass surgery and open heart procedures requiring extracorporeal devi...
Article
Thymic calcification
Thymic calcifications are rare findings usually associated with thymoma but are also seen in other pathologies.
Neoplastic
thymoma - more frequent in invasive thymoma 1
thymic carcinoma
multilocular thymic cyst 2
calcified metastasis
Non-neoplastic
anterior mediastinal a...
Article
Pulmonary hemorrhage complicating multifocal infection
Pulmonary hemorrhage complicating multifocal infection is one of the causes of diffuse pulmonary hemorrhage (and particularly diffuse alveolar hemorrhage). The type of infection can depend on immunocompetency status as well as presence of absence of concurrent vasculitic, connective tissue or co...
Article
Bilateral hypertranslucent hemithoraces
Bilateral hypertranslucent hemithoraces is the presence of decreased density of the hemithoraces bilaterally on a plain chest radiograph. This hypertranslucency, a.k.a. hyperlucency, may be focal or diffuse 1.
Also see unilateral hypertranslucent hemithorax.
Focal
pulmonary bullae
localize...
Article
Apical chest mass
Apical chest masses are often important and may be missed, especially when examined with a plain chest radiograph. It is always recommended to perform a targeted assessment of the apices of the lungs during a chest x-ray; they are one of the classic review areas.
Pathology
Etiology
Commonly a...
Article
Migratory pulmonary consolidation
Migratory pulmonary consolidation, also known as wandering pulmonary consolidation, refer to air space opacities that change in location over time, and are characteristic of a subset of lung diseases.
The differential diagnoses include:
organizing pneumonia 1
recurrent aspiration pneumonia
e...
Article
VEXAS syndrome
VEXAS (vacuoles, E1 enzyme, X-linked, autoinflammatory, somatic) syndrome is a severe, treatment-refractory, monogenic, multiorgan, autoinflammatory condition with vasculitic and hematological complications.
Epidemiology
VEXAS syndrome is likely to be rare, but also likely to be underdiagnosed...
Article
Platypnoea-orthodeoxia syndrome
Platypnoea-orthodeoxia syndrome refers to the concomitant occurrence of dyspnea and hypoxemia, respectively, which are precipitated by assuming an upright position and alleviated by assuming a recumbent position 4.
Clinical presentation
As the name of the syndrome suggests, the hallmark clinic...
Article
Accessory muscles of respiration
Accessory muscles of respiration refer to muscles that provide assistance to the main breathing muscles, mainly when additional power is needed, for example during exercise or those with airway pathologies (e.g. COPD) 1,2.
During normal quiet breathing, inspiration is an active process primaril...
Article
Pulmonary trunk to aortic ratio
The pulmonary trunk to aortic ratio (PA:A), also known as main pulmonary artery to aorta ratio (MPA:A), is a measurement that can be made on CT and MRI scans and, in some instances on echocardiography 3. In most instances, a normal ratio in adults is taken 1:1 or less, and with ratios greater th...
Article
Tracheal air column
The tracheal air column describes the appearance of the trachea on plain chest radiographs.
Radiographic appearance
Plain radiograph
On frontal chest radiographs, the air column extends as an almost vertical, radiolucent column midline in the mediastinum from the inferior margin of the cricoi...
Article
Anti SRP autoantibody associated interstitial lung disease
Anti SRP autoantibody associated interstitial lung disease is a form of autoimmune related interstitial lung disease.
Clinical presentation
It is thought to usually present with mild respiratory symptoms although some patients have been reported to have severe disease 1.
Pathology
It is repo...
Article
Pulmonary artery intramural hematoma
Pulmonary artery intramural hematoma (PA-IMH) refers to a hemorrhage within the wall of the pulmonary arteries. It can occur alone in the setting of a thoracic aortic injury or as a complication of an acute aortic dissection for example in a setting where the posterior wall of the aortic root is...
Article
Tracheostomy tube
Tracheostomy tubes, a.k.a. tracheotomy tubes, are inserted through a stoma post-tracheostomy to help patients unable to breathe normally. It may be temporary or permanent depending on the patient's condition, with its insertion where clinically indicated showing a lowered in-hospital mortality r...
Article
Curtain sign (lung ultrasound)
The curtain sign refers to the normal ultrasound characteristics of lung bases where the lungs are fully aerated. This is because the air in the costophrenic recess will cast a hyperechoic "air curtain" over the recess, obscuring the outline of the lateral diaphragm. The "air curtain" will also ...
Article
Cauldwell classification
Cauldwell classification is a commonly used classification in assessing bronchial artery branching pattern.
Classification
The bronchial artery branching pattern is classified into four types based on the number of intercostobronchial trunks (ICBT) - that gives rise to right bronchial artery a...
Article
Pulmonary mycobacterium parascrofulaceum infection
Pulmonary mycobacterium parascrofulaceum infection results from infection by the species Mycobacterium parascrofulaceum, which is a relatively new species of non-tuberculous mycobacterium (NTM) belonging to group 2. Infection by this species is rare and infrequently reported and the lung is cons...
Article
Complications of radiation therapy
Radiation therapy has the potential to cause complications in many organ systems, many of which, especially in the thorax, are important for radiologists to be aware of.
acute radiation syndrome
complications of cranial radiation therapy
radiation-induced cerebral vasculopathy
radiation-ind...
Article
Desmoplastic small round cell tumor of the pleura
Desmoplastic small round cell tumor (DSRCT) of the pleura is a rare primary pleural malignancy comprising of mesenchymal cells.
Epidemiology
Tend to occur in younger patients (mean ~ 25.5 years) and with a slightly greater male predilection.
Treatment and prognosis
DSRCT tend to be aggressi...
Article
Ground glass (disambiguation)
The term ground glass may be used to refer to:
ground glass opacity (lungs)
ground glass matrix of fibrous dysplasia
Article
Miliary lung nodules (mnemonic)
The list of differential diagnoses for miliary lung nodules can be recalled with the mnemonic:
TEMPEST
Mnemonic
TEMPEST
T: tuberculosis
E: eosinophilic granuloma
M: metastases (especially thyroid)
P: pneumoconiosis
E: extrinsic allergic alveolitis (now known as hypersensitivity pneumonit...
Article
Superior triangle sign (right lower lobe collapse)
The superior triangle sign is seen with complete right lower lobe (RLL) collapse alone or combined with right middle lobe collapse on PA chest x-rays. This sign can be a useful indirect sign of right lower lobe collapse where typical features are absent.
Radiographic features
Plain radiograph
...
Article
Free standing bronchiectasis
Free-standing bronchiectasis or non-traction bronchiectasis is a descriptive term for bronchiectasis that is not related to regional fibrotic effects (e.g. traction bronchiectasis). Amongst other causes, this form may occur in recurrent chronic infective-inflammatory states such as in those with...
Article
N-butyl-2-cyanoacrylate pulmonary embolism
N-butyl-2-cyanoacrylate pulmonary embolism is a potentially life-threatening complication that can arise following the use of the tissue glue, butyl-cyanoacrylate, for endoscopic sclerotherapy to treat variceal bleeding.
Epidemiology
Sclerosis with biological glue (butyl cyanoacrylate) is curr...
Article
Pulmonary hypertension associated with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
Pulmonary hypertension associated with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (PH-COPD) can be a common complication of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and usually manifests as mild to moderate pulmonary hypertension in those with advanced COPD. Pulmonary arterial pressures in this situatio...
Article
Bronchocentricity
Bronchocentricity (or bronchocentric distribution) describes a process in the lungs that is centered around bronchi (or bronchioles). The term centrilobular is commonly used for peribronchiolar disease. Because of the parallel relationship of bronchi and pulmonary arteries these processes are al...
Article
Fibrotic hypersensitivity pneumonitis
Fibrotic hypersensitivity pneumonitis (fHP) is a chronic, often progressive fibrosing form of hypersensitivity pneumonitis and is also often categorized as a form of interstitial lung disease. Manifestations previously categorized as chronic hypersensitivity pneumonitis now fall under this categ...
Article
Rapidly progressive pneumoconiosis
Rapidly progressive pneumoconiosis (RPP) is termed a form of pneumoconiosis when the condition shows an increase in chest radiograph profusion by one ILO subcategory in less than 5 years 1.
Conditions than can fall into this category include
accelerated silicosis
Article
Pulmonary cladophialophora infection
Pulmonary cladophialophora infections are a form of rare pulmonary fungal infection caused by Cladophialophora spp. such as
Cladophialophora boppi
Cladophialophora bantiana
Pathology
Cladophialophora is a genus of fungi in the family Herpotrichiellaceae with around 35 species described.
Th...
Article
Collagen vascular disease related interstitial pneumonitis
Collagen vascular disease-related interstitial pneumonitis (CVD-IP) refers to a subgroup of interstitial lung disease that is associated with collagen vascular disease.
Epidemiology
Some estimate that up to 15% of patients presenting for evaluation of interstitial lung disease may have an unde...
Article
Upper lobe fibrocavitary pattern of mycobacterium avium complex pulmonary disease
Upper lobe fibrocavitary pattern of mycobacterium avium complex pulmonary disease is morphological from pulmonary mycobacterium avium complex infection although it is worthwhile understanding that there can be a spectrum of the disease with mixed forms.
This form had been initially the traditi...
Article
Contraceptive implant migration
Contraceptive implant migration is a rare complication of etonogestrel implant insertion.
Clinical presentation
unable to palpate device in the upper arm
chest pain
dyspnea
non-productive cough
menorrhagia
irregular vaginal bleeding
Pathology
Contraceptive implants are m...
Article
Sliding hiatus hernia
A sliding hiatus hernia or type 1 hiatus hernia is considered the most common type of hiatus hernia. They can be present to varying degrees and can also co-exist with other types (inclusive of a rolling hiatus hernia).
Clinical presentation
Many patients may have gastro-esophageal reflux. Some...
Article
Rheumatoid arthritis associated interstitial lung disease
Rheumatoid arthritis associated interstitial lung disease (RA-ILD) is one of the pulmonary manifestations of rheumatoid arthritis.
Epidemiology
There may be a greater male predilection with onset of lung disease typically occurring in the 5th to 6th decades of life 5.
Radiographic features
C...
Article
Pulmonary valve calcification
Pulmonary valve calcification is an uncommon occurrence and usually occurs in the presence of longstanding elevation of right ventricular pressures (such as that of severe pulmonary hypertension). It can also be associated with pulmonary valve stenosis. Some authors suggest if valve calcificatio...
Article
Tuberculous bronchostenosis
Tuberculous bronchostenosis is a potential complication that can occur from endobronchial tuberculosis, especially in a chronic form.
Pathology
Bronchostenosis usually begins as simple erythema and edema with lymphocytic submucosal infiltration followed by tubercle formation. Destruction and r...
Article
Pulmonary edema signs (mnemonic)
A mnemonic to remember the radiographic signs of pulmonary edema is:
ABCDE
Mnemonic
A: alveolar opacification
B: batwinging
C: cardiomegaly
D: diffuse interstitial thickening (septal lines) and diversion (vascular upper zone diversion, cephalisation)
E: effusions (pleural)
Article
Crescent sign (disambiguation)
The characteristic shape of the crescent has been given to many radiological signs over the years:
air crescent sign (aspergillosis)
crescent in a doughnut sign (intussusception)
crescent sign (arterial dissection)
crescent sign (intravenous pyelogram)
crescent sign (lung hydatid)
crescent...
Article
Iodinated oil pulmonary embolism
Iodinated oil pulmonary embolism is a form of particulate material pulmonary embolism which in turn falls under non-thrombolic pulmonary emboli. Iodinated oil pulmonary embolism occurs in the setting of:
oily chemoembolisation of tumors
hepatocellular carcinoma 1,3
lymphangiography 4
hyster...
Article
Lateral thoracic vein
The lateral thoracic vein (TA: vena thoracica lateralis) is a tributary of the axillary vein. It provides venous drainage for the axilla, anterolateral chest wall, including serratus anterior and pectoralis muscles and breast, and the supraumbilical abdominal wall.
Terminology
In some texts, t...
Article
Unicentric Castleman disease
Unicentric Castleman disease (UCD) is considered the more common form of Castleman disease and involves one or more enlarged lymph nodes in a single region of the body that demonstrates histopathologic features that have features of Castleman disease. A subset of patients can have systemic sympt...
Article
Contrast level within inferior vena cava
A dependent contrast level within the inferior vena cava is a situation that can be observed in some cases with inferior vena caval contrast reflux. Its presence is usually associated with very poor cardiac output and can be accompanied by dependent layering of venous refluxed contrast within th...
Article
Inferior vena caval contrast reflux
Reflux of contrast into inferior vena cava can be common findings seen on CT. It is considered a specific but insensitive sign of right-sided heart disease / right heart dysfunction at low contrast injection rates although the usefulness decreases with high injection rates.
Conditions associate...
Article
Tuberculous pleural effusion
A tuberculous pleural effusion is one of the manifestations of pleural tuberculosis. It can have variable presentation ranging from a largely benign pleural effusion, with potential to completely resolve to a complicated effusion with loculations, pleural thickening and potentially progressing t...