Köhler disease

Last revised by Sean Lee on 5 Mar 2024

Köhler disease is an eponymous term referring to childhood-onset osteonecrosis of the navicular in the foot. Müller-Weiss syndrome is the adult counterpart of navicular osteonecrosis 4,5.

Köhler disease typically presents in the pediatric population (4-6 years of age) and there is a recognized male predilection.

Although the etiology remains unknown, a vascular incident is suspected. Delayed bone age has also been noted in some cases and may play a part in the pathogenesis of this entity. The central third of the navicular is a watershed area and it is prone more to avascular necrosis and stress fractures ref.

  • the navicular may appear wafer-like (thinned) and fragmented

  • demonstrates patchy sclerosis (similar to osteonecrosis elsewhere)

  • often associated soft tissue swelling

Cross-sectional imaging is usually not required but may be necessary if pain persists or the diagnosis is not clear. 

Köhler disease often tends to be self-limiting and heals spontaneously with re-ossification and reconstitution within a few years. Application of a below-knee weight-bearing cast may improve symptoms and is recommended, typically for 6-7 weeks. 

It was first described in 1908 by Alban Köhler, a German radiologist (1874-1947) 1,6. Interestingly, the radiograph with which Köhler made his original case description is now not thought to be Köhler disease 7.

Usually, there is little difficulty in making the diagnosis. If symptoms persist then findings of tarsal coalition should be sought. This can be misinterpreted as infection ref.

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