Aortoesophageal (aorto-oesophageal) fistulae are pathologic communications between the aorta and oesophagus and result in life-threatening upper gastrointestinal haemorrhage. They are fatal in the absence of prompt management.
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Epidemiology
Aortoesophageal fistulas are a rare entity that accounts for approximately 10% of all aortoenteric fistulae and have an estimated frequency of less than 0.5% in patients admitted with upper gastrointestinal haemorrhage 1-3. An incidence of 1.7% to 1.9% has been reported in the setting of thoracic endovascular aortic repair (TEVAR) 1.
Associations
It has been commonly associated with rupture of the descending thoracic aorta and the following conditions 1-6:
malignancy: especially oesophageal cancer
infection: e.g. tuberculosis 1
radiotherapy
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postinterventional or postoperative complications
endovascular stent erosion
aortic graft infection
Diagnosis
The diagnosis of aortooesophageal fistulae is primarily based on imaging or CT angiography. Although upper gastrointestinal endoscopy may be performed to rule out other possible causes of upper gastrointestinal haemorrhage 6,7.
Clinical presentation
The patient usually presents as a case of emergency with massive haemorrhage and haematemesis. Clinical presentation is classically described by the Chiari triad 2-6:
mid-thoracic pain
sentinel arterial haemorrhage
exsanguination following a symptom-free period (seen in 80% of the patients)
Pathology
By definition, aortoesophageal fistulae are abnormal connections between the oesophagus and the aorta, usually resulting in the passage of contents from the aorta to the oesophagus or vice versa, i.e. blood into the oesophagus, or air and oesophageal contents into the aorta 1. Mechanisms include direct erosion in the case of foreign bodies or implants and/or pressure necrosis of the aortic wall and soft tissues between the oesophagus and aorta 1,2.
Location
The most common location is the descending thoracic aorta, but aortooesophageal fistulae have been also reported for the aortic arch and ascending aorta 2.
Radiographic features
CT
CT angiography in an aortoesophageal fistula may show 3,5:
extravasation of contrast material
air bubbles in the aortic wall or around the graft
direct connection between the aorta and oesophagus
oesophageal narrowing
false aneurysm
mediastinal haematoma
stent migration
Radiology report
The radiology report should contain the following:
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diagnosis and location of the fistula with supporting features as
extravasation of contrast material
air bubbles in the aortic wall or around the graft after TEVAR
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possible causes
implants (stent migration)
foreign bodies
true or false aortic aneurysms
aortic dissection
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additional features and complications
mediastinal haemorrhage
Treatment and prognosis
Management usually includes a combination of bleeding control in the urgent phase and surgical intervention with radical debridement of the fistula and the contaminated zone as well as reconstruction of the aorta and the oesophagus later as a semi-urgent intervention 1. Initial treatment and bleeding control may be achieved with a Sengstaken-Blakemore tube (historical) or TEVAR 1 followed by a radical surgery once the patient has satabilised appropriately 1.
Prognosis is often poor with an estimated mortality rate of up to 60% within 6 months after symptom onset 1,2.
History and etymology
The first aortoesophageal fistula was described in 1818 by the French naval surgeon Joseph-Marie Dubreiul (1790-1852) 8,10.
Differential diagnosis
Aortoesophageal fistula needs to be differentiated from other causes of upper gastrointestinal haemorrhage.