Hypothalamus
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The hypothalamus is located, as the name would suggest, below the thalamus, and is intimately associated with both the limbic system and the pituitary gland.
Gross anatomy
Boundaries
Its boundaries are in some places poorly defined (outlined in blue in figure 1Figure 2):
- anterior: lamina terminalis, with optic chiasm at its lower border and anterior commissure above
-
superior
- an: an imaginary line drawn between the anterior and posterior commissures -
posterior
- an: an imaginary line sloping antero-inferiorly from the posterior commissure to the mammillary bodies -
inferior (floor): infundibular stalk, tuber cinereum and
mamillarymammillary bodies (from front to back)
Fiber tracts
- postcommissural fornix
(running: running posterior to the anterior commissure vertically down to end in the mamillary bodies) -
principle mamillaryprincipal mammillary bundle- originates: originates in the mamillary body and runs superiorly a short distance before dividing into:-
mamillothalamicmammillothalamic tract(aka(a.k.a. Vicq d'Azyr'sbundle)- which terminates: terminates in the anterior thalamicneucleusnucleus -
mamillotegmentalmammillotegmental tract (smaller)
-
Nuclei
Thehypothalamus is really a collection of nuclei arranged symmetricallyaround its floor and lateral walls, and can be divided into medial andlateral areas.
Medial area
- supraoptic (anterior)
- supraoptic nucleus (medial part)
- suprachiasmatic nucleus
- medial preoptic nucleus
- paraventricular nucleus
- anterior nucleus
- tuberal
- dorsomedial nucleus
- ventromedial nucleus
- mamillary
(Posterior(posterior)-
mamillarymammillary nuclei - posterior nucleus
-
Lateral area
- supraoptic (anterior)
-
latateral preotpic neucleuslateral preoptic nucleus - supraoptic nucleus (lateral part)
- lateral nucleus (anterior part)
-
- tuberal
- lateral nucleus (tuberal part)
- lateral tuberal nuclei
-
mamillarymammillary (posterior)- lateral nucleus (posterior part)
-<p>The <strong>hypothalamus</strong> is located, as the name would suggest, below the thalamus, and is intimately associated with both the limbic system and the <a href="/articles/pituitary_(textbook)">pituitary gland</a>. </p><h4>Boundaries</h4><p>Its boundaries are in some places poorly defined (outlined in blue in figure 1):</p><ul>-<li>-<strong>anterior</strong> - <a href="/articles/lamina-terminalis" title="lamina terminalis">lamina terminalis</a>, with optic chiasm at its lower border and anterior commissure above</li>-<li>-<strong>superior </strong>- an imaginary line drawn between the anterior and posterior commissures</li>-<li>-<strong>posterior </strong>- an imaginary line sloping antero-inferiorly from the posterior commissure to the <a href="/articles/mamillary-bodies" title="mamillary bodies">mamillary bodies</a>-</li>-<li>-<strong>inferior (floor)</strong> - <a href="/articles/infundibular-stalk" title="infundibular stalk">infundibular stalk</a>, tuber cinereum and mamillary bodies (from front to back)</li>-</ul><h4>Fiber tracts</h4><ul>-<li>postcommissural fornix (running posterior to the anterior commissure vertically down to end in the mamillary bodies)</li>-<li>principle mamillary bundle - originates in the mamillary body and runs superiorly a short distance before dividing into:<ul>-<li>mamillothalamic tract (aka Vicq d'Azyr's bundle) - which terminates in the anterior thalamic neucleus</li>-<li>mamillotegmental tract (smaller) </li>-</ul>-</li>-</ul><h4>Nuclei </h4><p>The-hypothalamus is really a collection of nuclei arranged symmetrically-around its floor and lateral walls, and can be divided into medial and-lateral areas. </p><h5>Medial area</h5><ul>- +<p>The <strong>hypothalamus</strong> is located, as the name would suggest, below the <a title="Thalamus" href="/articles/thalamus">thalamus</a>, and is intimately associated with both the limbic system and the <a href="/articles/pituitary-gland">pituitary gland</a>. </p><h4>Gross anatomy</h4><h5>Boundaries</h5><p>Its boundaries are in some places poorly defined (outlined in blue in Figure 2):</p><ul>
- +<li>
- +<strong>anterior</strong>: <a href="/articles/lamina-terminalis">lamina terminalis</a>, with optic chiasm at its lower border and anterior commissure above</li>
- +<li>
- +<strong>superior</strong>: an imaginary line drawn between the anterior and posterior commissures</li>
- +<li>
- +<strong>posterior</strong>: an imaginary line sloping antero-inferiorly from the posterior commissure to the <a title="Mammillary bodies" href="/articles/mammillary-bodies">mammillary bodies</a>
- +</li>
- +<li>
- +<strong>inferior (floor)</strong>: <a href="/articles/infundibular-stalk">infundibular stalk</a>, tuber cinereum and mammillary bodies (from front to back)</li>
- +</ul><h5>Fiber tracts</h5><ul>
- +<li>postcommissural fornix: running posterior to the anterior commissure vertically down to end in the mamillary bodies</li>
- +<li>principal mammillary bundle: originates in the mamillary body and runs superiorly a short distance before dividing into<ul>
- +<li>mammillothalamic tract (a.k.a. Vicq d'Azyr bundle): terminates in the anterior thalamic nucleus</li>
- +<li>mammillotegmental tract (smaller)</li>
- +</ul>
- +</li>
- +</ul><h5>Nuclei</h5><p>The hypothalamus is really a collection of nuclei arranged symmetrically around its floor and lateral walls, and can be divided into medial and lateral areas. </p><h6>Medial area</h6><ul>
-<li>-<a href="/articles/supraoptic-nucleus" title="Supraoptic nucleus">supraoptic nucleus</a> (medial part)</li>-<li>suprachiasmatic nucleus</li>-<li>medial preoptic nucleus</li>-<li>paraventricular nucleus</li>-<li>anterior nucleus</li>- +<li>
- +<a href="/articles/supraoptic-nucleus">supraoptic nucleus</a> (medial part)</li>
- +<li>suprachiasmatic nucleus</li>
- +<li>medial preoptic nucleus</li>
- +<li>paraventricular nucleus</li>
- +<li>anterior nucleus</li>
-</li>- +</li>
-<li>dorsomedial nucleus</li>-<li>ventromedial nucleus</li>- +<li>dorsomedial nucleus</li>
- +<li>ventromedial nucleus</li>
-</li>-<li>mamillary (Posterior)<ul>-<li>mamillary nuclei</li>-<li>posterior nucleus</li>- +</li>
- +<li>mamillary (posterior)<ul>
- +<li>mammillary nuclei</li>
- +<li>posterior nucleus</li>
-</li>-</ul><h5>Lateral area</h5><ul>- +</li>
- +</ul><h6>Lateral area</h6><ul>
-<li>latateral preotpic neucleus</li>-<li>supraoptic nucleus (lateral part)</li>-<li>lateral nucleus (anterior part)</li>- +<li>lateral preoptic nucleus</li>
- +<li>supraoptic nucleus (lateral part)</li>
- +<li>lateral nucleus (anterior part)</li>
-</li>- +</li>
-<li>lateral nucleus (tuberal part)</li>-<li>lateral tuberal nuclei</li>- +<li>lateral nucleus (tuberal part)</li>
- +<li>lateral tuberal nuclei</li>
-</li>-<li>mamillary (posterior)<ul><li>lateral nucleus (posterior part)</li></ul>-</li>- +</li>
- +<li>mammillary (posterior)<ul><li>lateral nucleus (posterior part)</li></ul>
- +</li>
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