Nephrotic syndrome
Updates to Article Attributes
Nephrotic syndrome (NS) results from loss of plasma proteins in the urine and characterised and characterised by hypoalbuminemia, hyperalbuminuria, hyperlipidemia, and oedema
It. It may be caused by primary (idiopathic) renal disease or by a variety of secondary causes.
Clinical presentation
Patients present with marked oedema, proteinuria, hypoalbuminemia, and often hyperlipidemia.
Pathology
It may be classified as congenital or acquired.
Congenital nephrotic syndrome types include 1:
- congenital1
- nephrotic syndrome of Finnish type
- focal and segmental hyalinosis (FSH)
- minimal-change glomerular disease (MCGD)
- neonatal glomerulonephritis
- diffuse mesangial sclerosis
In adults, -
acquired
- primary: focal segmental glomerulosclerosis; membranous nephropathy
-
secondary: diabetes mellitus
is the most common secondary cause, and focal segmental glomerulosclerosis and membranous nephropathy are the most common primary causes. When -
when no cause is identified the term adult idiopathic nephrotic syndrome
.is used
Associations
- systemic lupus eryhematosus reference required
Complications
-
venous thromboembolism2 acute renal failuresuperimposed bacterial infection
Treatment and prognosis
Treatment of most patients should include fluid and sodium restriction, oral or intravenous diuretics, and angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors. Some adults with nephrotic syndrome may benefit from corticosteroid treatment, cyclosporin A, although research data are limited. Intravenous albumin, prophylactic antibiotics, and prophylactic anticoagulation are not currently recommended.
Complications
-<p><strong>Nephrotic syndrome</strong> <strong>(NS) </strong>results from loss of plasma proteins in the urine and characterised by hypoalbuminemia, hyperalbuminuria, hyperlipidemia, and oedema</p><p>It may be caused by primary (idiopathic) renal disease or by a variety of secondary causes. </p><h4>Clinical presentation</h4><p>Patients present with marked oedema, proteinuria, hypoalbuminemia, and often hyperlipidemia. </p><h4>Pathology</h4><p>It may be classified as congenital or acquired.</p><p>Congenital nephrotic syndrome types include <sup>1</sup></p><ul>-<li><a title="nephrotic syndrome of Finnish type" href="/articles/nephrotic-syndrome-of-finnish-type">nephrotic syndrome of Finnish type</a></li>-<li>-<a href="/articles/focal-and-segmental-hyalinosis" title="focal and segmental hyalinosis">focal and segmental hyalinosis</a> (FSH)</li>-<li>-<a href="/articles/minimal-change-glomerular-disease" title="minimal-change glomerular disease">minimal-change glomerular disease</a> (MCGD)</li>-<li><a href="/articles/neonatal-glomerulonephritis" title="neonatal glomerulonephritis">neonatal glomerulonephritis</a></li>-<li><a href="/articles/diffuse-mesangial-sclerosis" title="diffuse mesangial sclerosis ">diffuse mesangial sclerosis </a></li>-</ul><p>In adults, diabetes mellitus is the most common secondary cause, and focal segmental glomerulosclerosis and membranous nephropathy are the most common primary causes. When no cause is found it is then termed <a title="adult idiopathic nephrotic syndrome" href="/articles/adult-idiopathic-nephrotic-syndrome">adult idiopathic nephrotic syndrome</a>.</p><h5>Associations</h5><ul><li>-<a title="systemic lupus eryhematosus" href="/articles/systemic-lupus-eryhematosus">systemic lupus eryhematosus</a> <sup>reference required</sup>-</li></ul><h4>Complications</h4><ul>-<li>-<a title="venous thromboembolism" href="/articles/venous-thromboembolism">venous thromboembolism</a> <sup>2</sup>-</li>-<li>acute renal failure</li>-<li>superimposed bacterial infection</li>-</ul><h4>Treatment and prognosis</h4><p>Treatment of most patients should include fluid and sodium restriction, oral or intravenous diuretics, and angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors. Some adults with nephrotic syndrome may benefit from corticosteroid treatment, cyclosporin A, although research data are limited. Intravenous albumin, prophylactic antibiotics, and prophylactic anticoagulation are not currently recommended</p>- +<p><strong>Nephrotic syndrome</strong> <strong>(NS) </strong>results from loss of plasma proteins in the urine and characterised by hypoalbuminemia, hyperalbuminuria, hyperlipidemia, and oedema. It may be caused by primary (idiopathic) renal disease or by a variety of secondary causes.</p><h4>Clinical presentation</h4><p>Patients present with marked oedema, proteinuria, hypoalbuminemia, and often hyperlipidemia.</p><h4>Pathology</h4><p>It may be classified as congenital or acquired:</p><ul>
- +<li>
- +<strong>congenital</strong> <sup>1</sup><ul>
- +<li><a href="/articles/nephrotic-syndrome-of-finnish-type">nephrotic syndrome of Finnish type</a></li>
- +<li>
- +<a href="/articles/focal-and-segmental-hyalinosis">focal and segmental hyalinosis</a> (FSH)</li>
- +<li>
- +<a href="/articles/minimal-change-glomerular-disease">minimal-change glomerular disease</a> (MCGD)</li>
- +<li><a href="/articles/neonatal-glomerulonephritis">neonatal glomerulonephritis</a></li>
- +<li><a href="/articles/diffuse-mesangial-sclerosis">diffuse mesangial sclerosis </a></li>
- +</ul>
- +</li>
- +<li>
- +<strong>acquired</strong><ul>
- +<li>primary: focal segmental glomerulosclerosis; membranous nephropathy</li>
- +<li>secondary: diabetes mellitus</li>
- +<li>when no cause is identified the term <a href="/articles/adult-idiopathic-nephrotic-syndrome">adult idiopathic nephrotic syndrome</a> is used</li>
- +</ul>
- +</li>
- +</ul><h5>Associations</h5><ul><li>
- +<a href="/articles/systemic-lupus-eryhematosus">systemic lupus eryhematosus</a> <sup>reference required</sup>
- +</li></ul><h4>Treatment and prognosis</h4><p>Treatment of most patients should include fluid and sodium restriction, oral or intravenous diuretics, and angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors. Some adults with nephrotic syndrome may benefit from corticosteroid treatment, cyclosporin A, although research data are limited. Intravenous albumin, prophylactic antibiotics, and prophylactic anticoagulation are not currently recommended. </p><h5>Complications</h5><ul>
- +<li>
- +<a href="/articles/venous-thromboembolism">venous thromboembolism</a> <sup>2</sup>
- +</li>
- +<li><a title="acute renal failure" href="/articles/acute-renal-failure">acute renal failure</a></li>
- +<li><a title="Acute pyelonephritis" href="/articles/acute-pyelonephritis-1">superimposed bacterial infection</a></li>
- +</ul>
Sections changed:
- Syndromes