Articles
Articles are a collaborative effort to provide a single canonical page on all topics relevant to the practice of radiology. As such, articles are written and continuously improved upon by countless contributing members. Our dedicated editors oversee each edit for accuracy and style. Find out more about articles.
16,905 results found
Article
Bile duct stricture
Bile duct strictures are problematic in terms of management and distinction between benign and malignant.
Pathology
Etiology
There are numerous causes of biliary duct strictures, including 1,2:
malignant
cholangiocarcinoma
involvement by pancreatic head adenocarcinoma
involvement by ampul...
Article
Gallbladder sludge
Gallbladder sludge, also known as biliary sand, biliary sediment, or thick bile, is a mixture of particulate matter and bile, normally seen as a fluid-fluid level in the gallbladder on ultrasound, corresponding to the precipitate of bile solutes.
Terminology
The term biliary microlithiasis is...
Article
Acromial types
Acromial types were initially divided into three types (known as the Bigliani classification) 3, to which a fourth has been added 2. These classifications are used as a standardized way of describing the acromion and predicting to a degree the incidence of impingement.
Classification
This cla...
Article
Anterior inferior cerebellar artery loop
Anterior inferior cerebellar artery loop or AICA loop refers to the course of the anterior inferior cerebellar artery (AICA) such that it contacts the facial and/or vestibulocochlear cranial nerves and potentially enters the internal auditory meatus.
The role of such loops in causing a variety ...
Article
Papillary process of the caudate lobe
The papillary process of the caudate lobe, also known as the medial papillary process, represents a division of the inferior caudate lobe of the liver 1. The inferior aspect of the caudate may be divided into medial and lateral processes. While the lateral or caudate process is contiguous with ...
Article
Arachnoid cyst
Arachnoid cysts are relatively common benign and asymptomatic lesions occurring in association with the central nervous system, both within the intracranial compartment (most common) as well as within the spinal canal. They are usually located within the subarachnoid space and contain CSF.
On ...
Article
Proximal humeral fracture
Proximal humeral fractures are common upper extremity fractures, particularly in older patients, and can result in significant disability.
Epidemiology
Proximal humeral fractures represent around 5% of all fractures ?. They are most common in older populations, especially in osteoporotic ones...
Article
Focal hepatic hot spot sign
The focal hepatic hot spot sign, also known as the hot quadrate sign can be seen on technetium 99m sulfur colloid scans of the liver and spleen, as well as CT studies.
Radiographic features
It occurs as a focal area of increased radiopharmaceutical uptake, or iodinated contrast accumulation, i...
Article
Area postrema syndrome
Area postrema syndrome is a disorder of the chemoreceptor trigger zone (area postrema) which is located on the medial posteroinferior surface of the medulla oblongata. It is usually a demyelinating disorder, as one of the core clinical characteristics of neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder 1,...
Article
Sniff test
The fluoroscopic sniff test is a useful addition to diaphragm fluoroscopy and is used to evaluate diaphragmatic contraction and excursion in patients with suspected phrenic nerve palsy or paralysis, breathing difficulties following stroke or recent elevation of a hemidiaphragm on chest radiograp...
Article
Hepatic encephalopathy
Hepatic encephalopathy, also known as acute hyperammonemic encephalopathy or portosystemic encephalopathy, refers to a spectrum of neuropsychiatric abnormalities occurring in patients with liver dysfunction and portal hypertension. It results from exposure of the brain to excessive amounts of am...
Article
Morning glory syndrome (eye)
Morning glory disc anomaly (MGDA), also known as morning glory syndrome, is a rare congenital malformation of the optic nerve which is frequently associated with midline abnormalities of the brain and skull 1.
Epidemiology
Morning glory disc anomaly is rare and is more commonly found in female...
Article
Diaphragmatic paralysis
Diaphragmatic paralysis, diaphragmatic paresis or diaphragmatic palsy may be first suspected when a newly elevated hemidiaphragm is seen on a chest radiograph. Bilateral paralysis is much more serious but often overlooked with an average delay of 2 years to diagnosis.
Clinical presentation
The...
Article
Guillain-Barré syndrome
Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS) is a heterogeneous group of autoimmune polyradiculopathies, involving sensory, motor, and autonomic nerves. It is the most common cause of rapidly progressive flaccid paralysis. It is believed to be one of a number of related conditions, sharing a similar underlying...
Article
Vocal cord paralysis
Vocal cord paralysis/paresis (VCP), also known as vocal fold paralysis/paresis, refers to the impaired mobility of the true vocal cord or fold due to neurologic dysfunction.
Clinical presentation
Unilateral vocal cord paralysis usually presents with dysphonia (hoarseness), characterized as a b...
Article
Lisfranc joint
The tarsometatarsal joint, or Lisfranc joint, is the articulation between the tarsus (midfoot) and the metatarsal bases (forefoot), representing a combination of tarsometatarsal joints.
Gross anatomy
The first three metatarsals articulate with the three cuneiforms, respectively, and the 4th an...
Article
Normal lower limb imaging examples
This page lists examples of normal imaging of the lower limb, divided by region and modality.
Pelvic girdle
plain radiograph
pelvis
example 1: frontal
example 2: pediatric
example 3: pediatric (9 months, 11 months, and older child)
example 4: trauma supine
example 5: frontal (female)
ex...
Article
Hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy
Hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy (HIPEC) is a form of chemotherapy used for the treatment of peritoneal malignancy.
It usually involves the instillation of heated chemotherapy agents (approximately 41–43°C) directly into the abdominopelvic cavity immediately after surgery. It delivers...
Article
Posterior shoulder dislocation
Posterior shoulder dislocations are far less common than anterior shoulder dislocations and can be difficult to identify if only AP projections are obtained. A high index of suspicion is helpful.
Epidemiology
Posterior shoulder dislocations account for only 2-4% of all shoulder dislocations (t...
Article
Myocardial bridging of the coronary arteries
Myocardial bridging is a common congenital anomaly of the coronary arteries where a coronary artery courses through the myocardium.
Epidemiology
It is found approximately in 20-30% of the adult population in autopsy studies. The incidence in coronary angiograms is between 2-15% and can be eas...
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