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Articles are a collaborative effort to provide a single canonical page on all topics relevant to the practice of radiology. As such, articles are written and continuously improved upon by countless contributing members. Our dedicated editors oversee each edit for accuracy and style. Find out more about articles.

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Optic neuritis

Optic neuritis denotes inflammation of the optic nerve and is one of the more common causes of optic neuropathy. It can be thought of as broadly divided into infectious and non-infectious causes, although the latter is far more frequent (including idiopathic cases). On imaging, optic neuritis is...

Myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody-associated disease (MOGAD)

Myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody-associated disease (MOGAD) represents a group of inflammatory demyelinating disorders united by the presence of IgG antibodies to myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG). MOGAD represents a distinct clinical entity that clinically overlaps but is n...

Optic perineuritis

Optic perineuritis, also known as perioptic neuritis, refers to inflammation of the optic nerve sheath. Optic perineuritis may manifest on its own, or together with inflammation of adjacent ocular or orbital structures. Epidemiology Optic perineuritis is likely rare 1, but the exact incidence ...

Active surveillance

Active surveillance describes a management option aiming at close monitoring of a specific stage of disease and minimizing adverse treatment-related effects without compromising survival at the same time. Curative or definite treatment is intended and offered upon deterioration or explicit patie...

Double skull sign (cephalohematoma)

The double skull sign is an eggshell calcification seen on CT in early cases of calcified cephalohematomas.

Lingual thyroid

A lingual thyroid is a specific type of ectopic thyroid and results from the lack of normal caudal migration of the thyroid gland. NB: Location at the base of the tongue aside, the information in this article can relate to any ectopic thyroid tissue. Epidemiology The condition is congenital a...

Thyroglossal duct cyst

Thyroglossal duct cysts are the most common type of congenital neck cysts and pediatric neck masses. They are typically located in the midline and are the most common midline neck mass in young patients. They can be diagnosed with multiple imaging modalities including ultrasound, CT and MRI. Ep...

Area postrema syndrome

Area postrema syndrome is a disorder of the chemoreceptor trigger zone (area postrema) which is located on the medial posteroinferior surface of the medulla oblongata. It is usually a demyelinating disorder, as one of the core clinical characteristics of neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder 1,...

Neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder

Neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD) is a severe demyelinating diseases, which in seropositive cases, is caused by an autoantibody to the aquaporin-4 (AQP4) water channel. The classic presentation of NMOSD is with the triad of optic neuritis, longitudinally extensive myelitis, and posi...

Undulating fascia sign

The undulating fascia sign is a radiological sign described in MRI of the lower limbs, typically, but not exclusively, in sporadic inclusion body myositis. The undulating fascia sign refers to the appearance of the fascia between the vastus intermedius and vastus lateralis muscles on T1 sequenc...

Chondrosarcoma

Chondrosarcomas are a heterogeneous group of malignant cartilaginous tumors most commonly found in older patients. They can arise de novo or secondary to an existing benign cartilaginous neoplasm. On imaging, these tumors have ring-and-arc chondroid matrix mineralization with aggressive features...

Empty sella

An empty sella, also known as an empty pituitary fossa, refers to the appearance of the sella turcica when the pituitary gland appears shrunken or invisible and CSF fills the space instead. It is commonly an incidental finding of no clinical significance, but there exists a well-established asso...

Functional endoscopic sinus surgery (FESS)

Functional endoscopic sinus surgery (FESS) is a type of paranasal sinus surgery performed intranasally using a rigid endoscope. Its primary objective is to restore physiological ventilation and mucociliary transport 1. Paranasal sinus imaging is crucial in preoperative planning and is also incr...

IgG4-related lung disease

IgG4-related lung disease is a recently described condition. It may occur with or without systemic involvement. It is considered part of the spectrum of IgG4-related disease. Radiographic features CT On HRCT of the chest, it may be categorized into four major subtypes 5: solid nodular subtyp...

Words we never use

There are a number of words we never use at Radiopaedia.org. This may be the result of an international consensus on correct spelling, other times it is a local decision about how we can improve consistency on the site. The term orthography is the formal term for the system of spelling for any l...

Systemic lupus erythematosus (thoracic manifestations)

Thoracic manifestations of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) can be variable. Please refer to the main article on systemic lupus erythematosus for a general discussion and links to other system-specific manifestations. Pathology Pleuropulmonary manifestations pleuritis: considered one of ...

Papilledema

Papilledema refers to swelling of the optic disc related to increased intracranial pressure. Terminology Although papilledema literally means swelling of the optic disc (nerve head/papilla), it is distinguished in common ophthalmological parlance from optic disc edema 8-10. Papilledema refers ...

Abducens nerve palsy

Abducens nerve palsy, or sixth nerve palsy, results in weakness of the ipsilateral lateral rectus muscle. Clinical presentation Patients present with horizontal diplopia with an inability to abduct the ipsilateral eye, thereby resulting in an esotropia (nasal deviation of the eye). Pathology ...

Idiopathic intracranial hypertension (mnemonic)

Two useful mnemonics to remember the features of idiopathic intracranial hypertension are: VOMER MOVES Mnemonics VOMER V: ventricles of normal or reduced size O: optic disc protrusion M: Meckel's cave enlargement E: empty sella R: reduced caliber (stenosis) venous sinuses MOVES M: M...

Normal facial nerve enhancement on MRI

The normal facial nerve (CN VII) can demonstrate some enhancement post gadolinium, with the prevalence of which segments is highly variable depending on the MRI sequence 4-8. Enhancement may be asymmetric 4-6. It has been attributed to the circumneural facial arteriovenous plexus. Typical sites...

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