Articles
Articles are a collaborative effort to provide a single canonical page on all topics relevant to the practice of radiology. As such, articles are written and continuously improved upon by countless contributing members. Our dedicated editors oversee each edit for accuracy and style. Find out more about articles.
16,899 results found
Article
Anti-CRMP-5 optic neuropathy
Anti-CRMP-5 (collapsin response-mediator protein-5) optic neuropathy, also known as anti-CV2 optic neuropathy, is a rare paraneoplastic cause of visual loss, manifesting as prelaminar optic neuritis, uveitis, and/or retinitis.
Epidemiology
Descriptions of anti-CRMP-5 optic neuropathy are confi...
Article
Heckmatt scale
The Heckmatt scale is a semi-quantitative scoring scale of muscle echogenicity. This visual grading scale compares the echogenicity of muscle to a nearby bone reflection 1-4 and is widely used in the sonographic evaluation of myopathies and other neuromuscular pathologies.
Grading
The Heckmatt...
Article
Diffuse idiopathic pulmonary neuroendocrine cell hyperplasia
Diffuse idiopathic pulmonary neuroendocrine cell hyperplasia (DIPNECH) is an extremely rare but underdiagnosed pulmonary disorder at the benign end of the neuroendocrine cell proliferation spectrum of preinvasive lesions of the lungs.
The diagnosis can be suggested when CT demonstrates charact...
Article
Small bowel lymphoma
Small bowel lymphoma is one of the most common small bowel malignancies, accounting for ~25% of all primary small bowel malignancies, and ~40% of all primary gastrointestinal lymphomas.
Epidemiology
Small bowel lymphoma is most commonly secondary extranodal involvement in widespread systemic l...
Article
Paraneoplastic syndromes
Paraneoplastic syndromes occur secondary to the indirect effects of a malignancy and occur remotely to the primary malignancy. Symptoms are mediated by cytokines, hormones or immune cross-reactivity. These syndromes can cause a diverse range of symptoms and can affect multiple systems.
Epidemio...
Article
Autoimmune encephalitis
Autoimmune encephalitis, also known as autoimmune limbic encephalitis, is an antibody-mediated brain inflammatory process. While typically involving the limbic system, any part of the brain or central nervous system more broadly, can be involved.
Autoimmune encephalitis can be divided broadly i...
Article
Fetal bowel dilatation
Fetal bowel dilatation can occur from many causes, which include:
intestinal atresias: mainly distal
anal atresia
apple-peel intestinal atresia
ileal atresia
jejunal atresia
jejuno-ileal atresia
Hirschsprung disease
megacystis microcolon hyperperistalsis syndrome 4
congenital chloride d...
Article
Diaphragmatic paralysis
Diaphragmatic paralysis, diaphragmatic paresis or diaphragmatic palsy may be first suspected when a newly elevated hemidiaphragm is seen on a chest radiograph. Bilateral paralysis is much more serious but often overlooked with an average delay of 2 years to diagnosis.
Clinical presentation
The...
Article
Aortic pseudoaneurysm
Aortic pseudoaneurysm typically occurs as a result of trauma +/- intervention, and is considered a subset of traumatic aortic injury in the majority of cases. They can be acute or chronic.
Pathology
Aortic pseudoaneurysms are contained ruptures of the aorta in which the majority of the aortic ...
Article
Critical angle (ultrasound)
The critical angle (θc) describes a refractive phenomenon in ultrasonography, whereby a specific incident angle of the sound beam will result in 'total reflection' 1. In this situation, the transmitted sound beam, will run parallel to the boundary of the second tissue without penetrating it 1. T...
Article
Attenuation (ultrasound)
The amplitude and intensity of ultrasound waves decrease as they travel through tissue, a phenomenon known as attenuation. Given a fixed propagation distance, attenuation affects high frequency ultrasound waves to a greater degree than lower frequency waves. This dictates the use of lower freque...
Article
Ocular foreign body
An ocular foreign body occurs when an orbital foreign body penetrates into the globe itself, often threatening vision, and requiring urgent surgical removal.
Clinical presentation
Patients present in a highly variable manner based on the precise intraocular location and properties of the forei...
Article
Inclusion body myositis
Inclusion body myositis (IBM) is a type of inflammatory myositis. It is often considered the most common acquired myopathy in patients older than 50 years.
Epidemiology
Inclusion body myositis tends to present in older individuals 4, often after the age of 50 years, although the disease may oc...
Article
Budd-Chiari syndrome
Budd-Chiari syndrome, also known as hepatic venous outflow obstruction (HVOO), refers to the clinical picture that occurs when there is partial or complete obstruction of the hepatic veins.
There is no clear consensus regarding the number of occluded veins, some authors claim that there should...
Article
Congenital pulmonary airway malformation
Congenital pulmonary airway malformations (CPAM) are multicystic masses of segmental lung tissue with abnormal bronchial proliferation. CPAMs are considered part of the spectrum of bronchopulmonary foregut malformations.
Terminology
Until recently, they were described as congenital cystic aden...
Article
Right heart strain
Right heart strain (or more precisely right ventricular strain) is a term given to denote the presence of right ventricular dysfunction usually in the absence of an underlying cardiomyopathy. It can manifest as an acute right heart syndrome.
Pathology
Right heart strain can often occur as a re...
Article
Uveitis
Uveitis refers to inflammation of the uveal tract, which may be idiopathic, infective or inflammatory 1. It is a sight threatening condition that requires urgent ophthalmologist review.
Epidemiology
Incidence estimates vary widely, with one meta-analysis suggesting a pooled incidence of 50.45 ...
Article
Skull fractures
Skull fractures are common in the setting of both closed traumatic brain injury and penetrating brain injury. Their importance is both as a marker of the severity of trauma and because they are, depending on location, associated with a variety of soft tissue injuries.
This article will focus o...
Article
Sniff test
The fluoroscopic sniff test is a useful addition to diaphragm fluoroscopy and is used to evaluate diaphragmatic contraction and excursion in patients with suspected phrenic nerve palsy or paralysis, breathing difficulties following stroke or recent elevation of a hemidiaphragm on chest radiograp...
Article
Ocular metastasis
Ocular metastases, also termed uveal metastases, are the most common intraocular malignant tumors, and are probably underdiagnosed 1. Ocular metastases need to be distinguished from extraocular metastasis, a quite different group of tumors.
This article will discuss metastatic lesions affecting...
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