Articles
Articles are a collaborative effort to provide a single canonical page on all topics relevant to the practice of radiology. As such, articles are written and continuously improved upon by countless contributing members. Our dedicated editors oversee each edit for accuracy and style. Find out more about articles.
16,936 results
Article
Thoracic plane
The thoracic plane, also known as the transthoracic plane or the plane of Ludwig is an artificial horizontal plane used to divide the mediastinum into the superior mediastinum and the inferior mediastinum.
It is defined as a horizontal line that runs from the manubriosternal joint (sternal angl...
Article
Aortic arch
The aortic arch represents the direct continuation of the ascending aorta and represents a key area for a review of normal variant anatomy and a wide range of pathological processes that range from congenital anomalies to traumatic injury.
Summary
origin: continuation of the ascending aorta at...
Article
Pancreatic calcifications
Pancreatic calcifications can arise from many etiologies.
Punctate intraductal calcifications
chronic pancreatitis
alcoholic pancreatitis (20-40%) 2
intraductal, numerous, small, irregular
preponderant cause of diffuse pancreatic intraductal calcification
gallstone pancreatitis (2%) 2
m...
Article
Lymphomas of the central nervous system
Lymphomas of the central nervous system, the most common of which is primary diffuse large B-cell lymphoma of the CNS, are the second most common primary brain tumor after gliomas 17. By definition, there is no co-existing systemic disease at the time of diagnosis, distinguishing it from CNS inv...
Article
Multiple myeloma
Multiple myeloma (MM), also known as plasma cell myeloma, is a multifocal proliferation of plasma cells based in the bone marrow. It is the most common primary malignant bone neoplasm in adults. It arises from red marrow due to the monoclonal proliferation of plasma cells and manifests in a wide...
Article
Myeloma defining events (mnemonic)
The myeloma defining events can be recalled using the mnemonics:
CRAB
SLiM-CRAB
Mnemonics
CRAB
C: hypercalcemia
R: renal failure
A: anemia
B: bone disease
SLiM-CRAB
S: sixty percent (60%) bone marrow plasmacytosis
Li: light chain involved-to-uninvolved ratio ≥100
M: MRI >1 focal lesi...
Article
Whole-body diffusion-weighted MRI
Whole-body diffusion-weighted MRI (WB-MRI) is an advanced imaging technique that combines anatomical and functional MRI sequences to provide a comprehensive assessment of the whole-body in a single examination.
WB-MRI uses the properties of diffusion-weighted imaging for oncological disease sta...
Article
Bronchopulmonary segmental anatomy
Bronchopulmonary segmental anatomy describes the division of the lungs into segments based on the tertiary or segmental bronchi.
Gross anatomy
The trachea divides at the carina forming the left and right main stem bronchi which enter the lung substance to divide further. This initial division ...
Article
Hyperechoic liver lesions
A hyperechoic liver lesion on ultrasound can arise from a number of entities, both benign and malignant. A benign hepatic hemangioma is the most common entity encountered, but in patients with atypical findings or risk for malignancy, other entities must be considered.
Benign
hepatic hemangiom...
Article
Autoimmune encephalitis
Autoimmune encephalitis, also known as autoimmune limbic encephalitis, is an antibody-mediated brain inflammatory process. While typically involving the limbic system, any part of the brain or central nervous system more broadly, can be involved.
Autoimmune encephalitis can be divided broadly i...
Article
Pyoderma gangrenosum
Pyoderma gangrenosum is a rare inflammatory neutrophilic dermatosis characterized by large, painful ulcerated purulent lesions most commonly over the pretibial region. It can be associated with a number of systemic diseases which can precede the skin disease.
Epidemiology
It is most common i...
Article
Facial palsy
Facial palsy refers to the neurological syndrome of facial paralysis. It can result from a broad range of physiological insults to the facial nerve or its central nervous system origins. The most common causes of this is Bell palsy.
Terminology
While facial palsy refers to the clinical presen...
Article
CT angiography of the cerebral arteries (protocol)
CT angiography of the cerebral arteries, also known as a CTA carotids or an arch to vertex angiogram, is a non-invasive technique that allows visualization of the internal and external carotid arteries and vertebral arteries and can include just the intracranial compartment or also extend down t...
Article
Ischemic stroke
Ischemic stroke is an episode of neurological dysfunction due to focal infarction in the central nervous system attributed to arterial thrombosis, embolization, or critical hypoperfusion. While ischemic stroke is formally defined to include brain, spinal cord, and retinal infarcts 1, in common u...
Article
Intracerebral hemorrhage
Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH), or intraparenchymal cerebral hemorrhage, is a subset of an intracranial hemorrhage as well as of stroke, defined by the acute accumulation of blood within the brain parenchyma.
This article concerns non-traumatic intracerebral hemorrhages; traumatic hemorrhagic c...
Article
Gastric band slippage
Gastric band slippage is a late complication of laparoscopic gastric banding surgery performed for obesity. It is reported to occur in 4-13% of cases 1-3.
It can occur in either an anterior or posterior direction.
Clinical presentation
Patients can present with cessation of weight loss, sever...
Article
Osteochondroma
Osteochondromas are a relatively common imaging finding, accounting for 10-15% of all bone tumors and ~35% of all benign bone tumors. Although usually thought of as a benign bone tumor, they may be thought of as a developmental anomaly. They are frequently asymptomatic and have very low malignan...
Article
CT brain perfusion (protocol)
CT perfusion of the brain is a dynamic, contrast-enhanced study utilized in patients with suspected stroke to differentiate salvageable ischemic brain tissue (i.e. penumbra) from damaged infarcted brain 1.
NB: This article is intended to outline some general principles of protocol design. The s...
Article
Rosette-forming glioneuronal tumor
Rosette-forming glioneuronal tumors are rare, usually midline, tumors that involve the fourth ventricle and/or aqueduct of Sylvius.
Although relatively well-circumscribed on MRI and clinically indolent, they often invade surrounding tissues, involving the cerebellum, pons and even the pineal r...
Article
Carbon dioxide angiography
Carbon dioxide (CO2) is an excellent negative contrast agent which has been used for a variety of vascular interventions since the introduction of digital subtraction angiography. Due to its high solubility rate and rapid diffusibility via the lungs, CO2 is safe for intravascular usage.
Physica...
Unable to process the form. Check for errors and try again.