Articles
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16,923 results
Article
Lateral ventricle
The lateral ventricles are paired CSF-filled spaces in the cerebrum and part of the ventricular system of the brain. They are larger than the third or fourth ventricles but can be asymmetrical. Each has five divisions, including three horns that project into the lobe after which they are named:
...
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Central nervous system
The central nervous system (CNS) is the part of the nervous system that includes the brain and spinal cord.
Gross anatomy
The main components of the CNS are the brain and spinal cord. In addition, the CNS includes the optic nerves (cranial nerve II), retinas, olfactory nerves (cranial nerve I)...
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Axial skeleton
The axial skeleton is the central portion of the bony skeleton comprising the head, neck and trunk (80 bones in total). It has many functions including housing and protecting the central nervous system as well as the organs of the chest, abdomen and pelvis. It enables movement and supports the u...
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Fibrous joints
Fibrous joints are a type of joint where the bones are joined by strong fibrous tissue rich in collagen. These joints allow for very little movement (if any) and are often referred to as synarthroses.
Examples
cranial sutures between bones of the skull
gomphoses between teeth and alveolar bon...
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Joints
Joints, also known as articulations, are a form of connection between bones stabilized by ligaments. The study of joints is called arthrology. They provide stability to the skeletal system, as well as allowing for specialized movement.
Gross anatomy
Joints can be classified into three broad t...
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Disarticulation
The term disarticulation refers to the disconnection of all or part of a limb from the body, specifically through a joint. This is in contrast to amputation, which is the disconnection or removal of the structure through a bone 1,2.
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Amputation (generic)
The term amputation refers to the disconnection of all or part of a limb from the body. Specifically, amputation is defined as the removal of the structure through a bone. This is in contrast to disarticulation, which is the removal of the structure through a joint.
When due to trauma, traumati...
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Intraconal orbital lesions
Intraconal orbital lesions are broadly divided into two main groups; those with or without involvement of the optic nerves.
Lesions with optic nerve involvement:
optic nerve glioma
optic nerve meningioma
optic neuritis
pseudotumor
lymphoma and leukemia
intracranial hypertension
retinobla...
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Inferior vena cava obstruction
Inferior vena cava obstruction, also known as inferior vena cava syndrome, refers to the clinical manifestations occurring as a result of any blockage in the inferior vena cava. It can occur due to external compression, thrombosis of inferior vena cava or iatrogenic placement of filters 1. Certa...
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Congenital diaphragmatic hernia
Congenital diaphragmatic herniation (CDH) accounts for a small proportion of all diaphragmatic herniae. However, it is one of the most common non-cardiac fetal intrathoracic anomalies.
Epidemiology
Congenital diaphragmatic hernias are seen in 1 of every 2000-4000 live births. 84% are left-side...
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Costochondral joint
The costochondral joints are immobile primary cartilaginous joints (synchondroses) that connect the sternal end of each rib bone to its costal cartilage 1. The periosteum and perichondrium form a continuous layer which holds the costal cartilage in a depression at the end of the rib 2.
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Alveolar echinococcosis
Alveolar echinococcosis, also referred as hepatic alveolar echinococcosis or E. alveolaris, is a more aggressive and invasive form of hepatic hydatid disease caused by Echinococcus multilocularis. It mimics a slow-growing tumor, as in contrast to E. granulosus it does not form a well defined enc...
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Diaphysis
The diaphyses (singular: diaphysis), sometimes colloquially called the shafts, are the main portions of a long bone (a bone that is longer than it is wide) and provide most of their length.
The diaphysis has a tubular composition with a hard outer section of hard cortical bone and a central po...
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Ossification centers
There are both primary and secondary ossification centers that are involved in osteogenesis (formation of bone).
Primary ossification centers
where bone first forms
long bones (shaft or diaphysis)
irregular bones (body)
Secondary ossification centers
individual bones may have multiple cent...
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Apophysis
The apophysis is a normal secondary ossification center that is located in the non-weight-bearing part of the bone and eventually fuses with it over time (most of the apophyses fuse during the 2nd decade of life, but this process can be delayed, especially in female athletes). The apophysis is a...
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Epiphysis
The epiphyses (singular: epiphysis) are the rounded portions at the ends of a bone separated from the metaphysis by the physis. The epiphysis contributes to a joint, compared with an apophysis which is a site of tendon or ligament attachment. Once the growth plate has fused, the epiphysis and me...
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Physis
The physes (singular: physis) or growth plates are found in bones that undergo endochondral ossification.
Radiographic features
The physis appears as a radiolucent line in skeletally-immature patients located between the metaphysis and epiphysis. It contains zones of mesenchymal cells in va...
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Periosteum
The periosteum is a thin membrane of connective tissue composed of different layers covering the surface of a bone, providing structural integrity and contributing to growth and development as well as the repair of bone 1-3.
Gross anatomy
The periosteum consists of different layers in particul...
Article
Bowel perforation
Bowel perforation, either small bowel perforation or large bowel perforation, can occur in many different settings, but the more common are
bowel obstruction (both small and large)
bowel ischemia
severe ulcer disease
diverticular disease
infection
malignant diseases
gastrointestinal tumor...
Article
Papillary carcinoma of the breast
Papillary carcinoma of the breast is a rare ductal breast malignancy.
Epidemiology
They are thought to account for 1-2% of breast carcinomas 2. They typically present in postmenopausal patients with the mean age being 63-67 years.
Clinical presentation
Papillary carcinomas may manifest clini...