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Starry sky appearance (disambiguation)

Starry sky appearance is a radiological sign used to describe the appearance of the liver on two different imaging modalities: starry sky appearance (ultrasound) starry sky appearance (MRI) starry sky artifact (MRI)

Caput medusae sign (disambiguation)

The caput medusae sign may refer to: caput medusae sign (portal hypertension) caput medusae sign (developmental venous anomaly) History and etymology Caput is the Latin for head, and the sign literally translates as head of Medusa 3. The appearance is reminiscent of the hair of Medusa, one ...

Compression-type hepatic pseudolesions

Compression-type hepatic pseudolesions occur typically when an extrinsic structure, during the patient's deep inspiration breath-hold at the time of CT acquisition, causes transient focal compression of a subcapsular region of the liver and subsequent decreased portal perfusion and minimal chang...

Agenesis (general)

The biological/medical term agenesis (plural: ageneses) refers to failure of an organ to grow or develop during the embryological period. Examples include: appendiceal agenesis cerebellar agenesis corpus callosum agenesis dental agenesis (anodontia) diaphragmatic agenesis dorsal pancreati...

Gallbladder wall thickening

Thickening of the gallbladder wall, usually considered >3 mm, is a non-specific sign of various conditions. Pathology Gallbladder wall thickening can be caused by inflammatory, benign, and malignant etiologies. Pseudothickening caused by the normal postprandial state of the contracted gallblad...

Starry sky appearance (MRI)

Starry sky appearance on MRI refers to the appearance of small innumerable T2 hyperintense bile duct hamartomas and biliary microhamartomas, scattered throughout the T2 hypointense hepatic parenchyma, which resembles a “starry sky”. The high T2 signal lesions represent Von Meyenburg complexes se...

Third inflow

Third inflow refers to anatomical variants leading to an additional venous inflow to the liver apart from the usual dual blood supply (portal vein and hepatic artery). They tend to be associated with parenchymal pseudolesions (focal hyperenhancement on post-contrast imaging, focal fat infiltrati...

Intrahepatic arteriovenous shunt

Intrahepatic arteriovenous shunts, also referred to as intrahepatic arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) or hepatic arteriosystemic venous shunts, represent a spectrum of abnormal communications between the hepatic arterial system and the hepatic veins. Please note that arterioportal shunts, whi...

Hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia (liver manifestations)

Hepatic manifestations of Hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia (HHT), which is also known as Osler-Weber-Rendu syndrome, are typically seen on imaging as multiple telangiectasias and arteriovenous malformations (i.e. arteriovenous and portovenous shunts). These multiple shunts lead to a hyperdy...

Hepatic vascular and perfusion disorders

Hepatic vascular and perfusion disorders are a broad group of conditions that radiologists should be familiar with, as some of them are quite frequently seen in the daily practice. The aim of this article is to be a collection of articles that represent the core knowledge in the matter. Patholo...

Intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (staging)

Intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma staging is conducted most commonly in accordance with the TNM staging classification of the American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC)/Union for International Cancer Control (UICC). As of 2018, the staging criteria are in their 8th edition and reflected below 1. Th...

Astronomical inspired signs

Many signs in radiology have been inspired by astronomical phenomena: comet tail (disambiguation) comet tail artifact (ultrasound) color comet tail artifact comet tail sign (chest) comet tail sign (phleboliths) earth-heart sign galaxy sign (chest) loss of half-moon overlap sign milky wa...

Sphincter of Oddi dysfunction

Sphincter of Oddi dysfunction is a functional disorder in which stenosis or dyskinesia of the sphincter of Oddi obstructs drainage from the common bile duct (CBD). Epidemiology The disorder is associated with a history of cholecystectomy, in which case it is also called post-cholecystectomy sy...

Sinistral portal hypertension

Sinistral portal hypertension (also known as left-sided portal hypertension or segmental portal hypertension) is an uncommon form of portal hypertension. Clinical presentation Sinistral portal hypertension is most commonly found incidentally in asymptomatic patients. In symptomatic patients, t...

Prolonged heterogeneous liver enhancement (CEUS)

Prolonged heterogeneous liver enhancement (PHLE), also informally termed as the "disappearing liver" phenomenon, is a very rare, benign complication of ultrasound contrast media, of currently unknown etiology 1. PHLE manifests itself as confluent, rapidly appearing hyperechoic foci in the liver,...

Cluster sign

The cluster sign is a finding on MRI and CT that is associated with pyogenic hepatic abscesses and can help differentiate pyogenic abscesses from other types of liver lesions. Radiographic features The cluster sign is best seen on MRI T2-weighted and postcontrast T1-weighted sequences. Small n...

Esophageal varix

Esophageal varices describe dilated submucosal veins of the esophagus, and are an important portosystemic collateral pathway. They are considered distinct from gastric varices, which are less common. Epidemiology Esophageal varices are present in ~50% of patients with portal hypertension 1,2. ...

Secondary sclerosing cholangitis

Secondary sclerosing cholangitis refers to manifestations of sclerosing cholangitis that resemble primary sclerosing cholangitis but can be attributed to known insults to the biliary tree. Pathology Secondary sclerosing cholangitis is a chronic cholestatic disease. The entity is characterized ...

Sclerosing cholangitis

There are three forms of sclerosing cholangitis: primary sclerosing cholangitis IgG4-related sclerosing cholangitis secondary sclerosing cholangitis

Hernia (general)

Hernias (or herniae) are a common pathological entity, in which an anatomical structure passes into an abnormal location via an opening. The opening may be a normal physiological aperture (e.g. hiatus hernia: stomach passes through the diaphragmatic esophageal hiatus) or pathological. Iatrogeni...

Hepatosplenic candidiasis

Hepatosplenic candidiasis is a manifestation of disseminated candidiasis in immunosuppressed patients, particularly those receiving chemotherapy for hematological malignancies. Both hepatic and splenic infection usually happens simultaneously, the reason why they are approached together. On i...

IgG4-related sclerosing cholangitis

IgG4-related sclerosing cholangitis, also known as autoimmune cholangiopathy, is part of the spectrum of IgG4-related disease but can also occur in isolation. It is a separate entity to primary sclerosing cholangitis. Pathology The pathogenesis is poorly understood. The disease is characteriz...

Mass-forming intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma

Mass-forming intrahepatic cholangiocarcinomas (MF-ICC), also referred as peripheral cholangiocarcinomas, comprise one of the three recognized growth patterns of intrahepatic cholangiocarcinomas. On imaging, these tumors usually present as large and relatively well-defined hepatic masses with l...

Leishmaniasis

Leishmaniasis refers to zoonoses caused by parasites of the genus Leishmania. There are three main forms of leishmaniasis: visceral (also known as kala-azar or dum-dum fever) cutaneous mucocutaneous leishmaniasis Epidemiology Leishmaniasis is a truly global disease with a higher ...

Spider web appearance

Spider web appearance is a classic appearance seen on venography in a patient with hepatic venous outflow obstruction. It refers to the dense network of hepatic venous collaterals seen.

KRAS mutation

KRAS (shortened name for the gene Kirsten RAt Sarcoma viral oncogene homolog) mutations are associated in a number of malignancies including: certain adenocarcinomas of the lung colorectal carcinoma 1 pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma Several germline KRAS mutations have also been found to b...

Familial atypical multiple mole melanoma syndrome

Familial atypical multiple mole melanoma (FAMMM) syndrome is an autosomal dominant genodermatosis characterized by multiple melanocytic nevi (often more than 50) and a family history of melanoma. Pathology Genetics It is associated with mutations in the CDKN2A gene and shows reduced penetranc...

Hepatosplenomegaly

Hepatosplenomegaly is simply the simultaneous presence of a pathologically-enlarged liver (hepatomegaly) and spleen (splenomegaly). Pathology Etiology Infection Many infections can produce a mild concurrent enlargement of the liver and spleen. This list is by no means exhaustive. viral EBV...

Intravenous drug user

Intravenous drug users (IVDU) are people who inject non-medical and controlled medical drugs (and may have substance use disorder) for non-medical purposes. Frequently injected drugs include heroin, cocaine, prescription opioids and methamphetamine 6. Terminology More neutral terms such as pe...

Gallbladder cancer

Gallbladder cancer is relatively uncommon compared to other hepatobiliary malignancies. Pathology Primary gallbladder carcinoma gallbladder adenocarcinoma: most common 1 gallbladder squamous cell carcinoma gallbladder neuroendocrine carcinoma gallbladder sarcoma: very rare 2 gallbladder ...

Acute abdominal pain

Acute abdominal pain is a common acute presentation in clinical practice. It encompasses a very broad range of possible etiologies and diagnoses, and imaging is routinely employed as the primary investigative tool in its modern management. Terminology A subgroup of patients with acute abdomina...

Pleurobiliary fistula

A pleurobiliary fistulae refers to an abnormal fistulous communication between the biliary tree and pleural space. It forms the large portion of thoracobiliary fistulas and can occur in various situations such as with complications secondary to trauma, infection, malignancy, biliary disease, or ...

Splenic peliosis

Splenic peliosis is an unusual benign disorder characterized by the presence of irregular cystic blood-filled cavities. Clinical presentation Most patients are asymptomatic although very rarely, a patient can present with spontaneous rupture of the spleen. Associations Recognized association...

Mucinous cystic neoplasm of the gallbladder

Mucinous cystic neoplasms of the gallbladder are extremely rare epithelial cystic tumors formed by mucin-producing cells. They are histologically similar to the other mucinous cystic tumors found elsewhere in the body. For the lesions involving the bile ducts, please refer to: biliary cystaden...

Intracholecystic papillary neoplasm

Intracholecystic papillary neoplasms, previously known as intracystic/intraductal papillary tubular neoplasms 2, are rare, pre-invasive neoplasms of the gallbladder. On imaging, these lesions resemble adenomas of the gallbladder or have features suspicious for gallbladder carcinoma, which usual...

Gallbladder adenoma

Gallbladder adenomas are uncommon gallbladder polyps that, although benign, have a premalignant behavior. Terminology As the distinction of adenomas and intracholecystic papillary-tubular neoplasms (ICPN) is not entirely clear, with important overlap between both entities, some authors have p...

Abdominal distension (mnemonic)

A mnemonic for causes of abdominal distension (6 Fs) is: F: fat F: fluid F: flatus F: feces F: fetus F: fulminant mass

Intraductal tubulopapillary neoplasm of the bile ducts

Intraductal tubulopapillary neoplasms of the bile ducts are rare intraluminal masses forming pre-invasive biliary neoplasms with no mucin production. Epidemiology Intraductal tubulopapillary neoplasm of the bile ducts are rare tumors of unknown incidence, found more frequently in women at the...

Intraductal neoplasms of the bile ducts

The intraductal neoplasms of the bile ducts are divided into those lesions that are a precursor to adenocarcinoma of the bile ducts, also referred to as preinvasive lesions, and the invasive tumors, which are cholangiocarcinomas of intraductal growing type. preinvasive biliary intraepithelial...

Intraductal papillary neoplasm of the bile duct

Intraductal papillary neoplasm of the bile duct (IPNB) is a preinvasive biliary tree neoplasm considered to be a precursor of cholangiocarcinoma. Terminology Biliary papillary adenoma and non-invasive papillary carcinoma of the biliary tract were terms used to refer to localized low-grade and...

Biliary intraepithelial neoplasia

Biliary intraepithelial neoplasia (BilIN) is considered to be a precursor lesion of cholangiocarcinoma, but the frequency at which this transition occurs is unknown. Terminology Before 2005, biliary atypia or biliary dysplasia were terms usually employed to refer to BilIN 5. Epidemiology T...

Serpent sign

The serpent sign, a.k.a. snake sign, is described in hydatid disease. The WHO classification (2001) or Gharbi classification (1985) of hydatid disease describe several stages on ultrasound 1. During the active stage, the cyst is composed of three layers: the outer (pericyst), the middle (ectocy...

Radiation-induced liver disease

Radiation-induced liver disease (RILD), also known as radiation hepatitis, represents the toxic effect of radiation therapy on normal hepatocytes. This article will discuss liver toxicity appearances after external beam radiotherapy techniques. Please refer to the dedicated article on selecti...

Cystic lymph node of Lund

The cystic lymph node of Lund (also known as the Calot or Mascagni node) is the sentinel node for the gallbladder, and one of the structures in Calot triangle. It lies in close proximity to the cystic artery and is one of the structures removed during cholecystectomy. History and etymology The...

Spectral Doppler (ultrasound)

Utilizing automated Fourier analysis to convert returning sound waves into a series of individual frequencies, spectral Doppler refers to ultrasound modalities which yield graphical representations of flow velocity over time. Terminology The frequency of the sound waves returned to an ultraso...

Copper toxicity

Copper toxicity, also known as copper poisoning or copperiedus, is the pathological result of excess elemental copper in the body. It may be acute, resulting in acute copper toxicosis, or a more chronic form, typified by Wilson disease. Clinical presentation Acute copper toxicosis Acute toxi...

Serum ascites albumin gradient

The serum–ascites albumin gradient (SAAG) is the difference between the concurrently obtained serum albumin concentration and the albumin concentration of the ascitic fluid obtained during paracentesis. Pathology A difference ≥1.1 grams/deciliter (g/dL) indicates portal hypertension as the li...

Round belly sign (abdominal compartment syndrome)

Round belly sign is a sign of increased abdominal pressure of greater than 20 mmHg in abdominal compartment syndrome where the abdomen has a rounded appearance of transverse section on CT, rather than its typical oval shape. The sign is positive when the AP to transverse diameter of the abdomen...

Abdominal compartment syndrome

Abdominal compartment syndrome (ACS) is a disease defined by the presence of new end-organ dysfunction secondary to elevated intra-abdominal pressure (IAP). Radiological diagnosis is difficult and usually suggested when a collection of imaging findings are present in the appropriate clinical set...

Charcot triad

Charcot triad is the finding of pyrexia, right upper quadrant pain and jaundice, and is a traditional clinical sign of acute cholangitis. A meta-analysis of 4288 patients in 16 studies found that the sensitivity of Charcot triad for acute cholangitis was poor (36.3%) with a much better specific...

Denver shunt

A Denver shunt, or peritoneovenous shunt, is a device used to shunt ascites to the superior vena cava in patients with refractory ascites. The proximal end is located in the peritoneal cavity and the distal end in the superior vena cava, with a subcutaneous course in the anterior chest wall. It...

Lollipop sign (hepatic epithelioid hemangioendothelioma)

The lollipop sign is seen in hepatic epithelioid hemangioendothelioma (HEHE). It represents hepatic/portal vein and/or their tributaries/branches tapering and terminating at or just within the edge of a well defined peripherally enhancing (or non-enhancing) lesion with an avascular core on CT or...

Ceftriaxone-associated gallbladder pseudolithiasis

Ceftriaxone-associated gallbladder pseudolithiasis is a not-uncommon complication of this common antibiotic, where a ceftriaxone-calcium precipitate forms gallbladder sludge. It appears more common in pediatric patients. Epidemiology In one series, 25% of pediatric patients developed gallbladd...

Copper

Copper (chemical symbol Cu) is one of the trace elements. It has an important biological role as a redox agent and as a cofactor in cuproproteins, facilitating many vital metabolic reactions. Chemistry Basic chemistry Copper is a transition metal with the atomic number 29 and an atomic weight...

Selenium toxicity

Selenium toxicity (rarely: hyperselenemia) is caused by excessive intake of the non-metallic element selenium (Se) in the diet. Epidemiology It is less common than selenium deficiency. It is most frequently seen in some parts of India, in which there are naturally high levels of selenium in th...

Alveolar echinococcosis

Alveolar echinococcosis, also referred as hepatic alveolar echinococcosis or E. alveolaris, is a more aggressive and invasive form of hepatic hydatid disease caused by Echinococcus multilocularis. It mimics a slow-growing tumor, as in contrast to E. granulosus it does not form a well defined enc...

Niacin (vitamin B3) excess

In general taking large doses of water-soluble vitamins has not been found to have a deleterious clinical effect. However niacin (vitamin B3) excess can be problematic, usually when greater than 100 mg niacin is taken per day. To put this in context the recommended daily allowance (RDA) in the U...

Alpha-fetoprotein

Alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) is an important plasma protein synthesized by the yolk sac and fetal liver. In adults, its main utility is as a tumor marker, primarily for hepatocellular carcinoma or teratoma. Functionally it is the fetal homologue of albumin i.e. it acts as a major carrier protein in t...

Gallbladder cholecystosis

Gallbladder cholecystoses are conditions characterized by the accumulation of cholesterol (and other fats) in the gallbladder. There are two main forms: adenomyomatosis: mucosal hyperplasia with growth toward the muscular layer - thickened muscular layer. Cholesterol accumulation is intralumina...

Diabetes mellitus

Diabetes mellitus (DM) often referred to simply as diabetes, is a group of metabolic conditions characterized by hyperglycemia. These conditions should not be confused with diabetes insipidus which is clinically distinct and not related to hyperglycemia. Terminology If a patient with diabete...

Fistula

A fistula (plural: fistulae or fistulas) is an abnormal connection between two epithelial surfaces such as between hollow organs, skin or vessels. Conventionally, the name of a specific fistula type is a combination of the two organs. For discussions of specific fistulae please refer to individu...

Glycogen storage disease type II

Glycogen storage disease type II, also known as Pompe disease or acid maltase deficiency disease, is an inherited lysosomal storage disorder characterized by abnormal glycogen accumulation within lysosomes. It is a multisystem disorder involving the heart, skeletal muscle and liver. It is caused...

Gastric varix

Gastric varices are an important portosystemic collateral pathway, occurring in ~20% of patients with portal hypertension. They are considered distinct from esophageal varices in that they have a propensity to hemorrhage at comparatively lower portal pressures 1, and are also associated with hig...

Macrolipasemia

Macrolipasemia is the presence of serum lipase of a large molecular size, seen occasionally in otherwise healthy individuals, but more commonly in various diseases. Lipase is able to self-polymerize and/or form complexes with other blood proteins e.g. immunoglobulins. Epidemiology Epidemiologi...

Macroamylasemia

Macroamylasemia is the presence of serum amylase of a large molecular size, seen in both otherwise healthy individuals, and also in various diseases. Amylase seems to be able to self-polymerize and/or form complexes with other blood proteins, e.g. immunoglobulins. Epidemiology Macroamylasemia ...

Gullo syndrome

Gullo syndrome, also known as benign pancreatic hyperenzymemia, is characterized by the abnormal elevation of the serum levels of most or all of the pancreatic enzymes without any evidence of underlying pancreatic pathology. It is a diagnosis of exclusion made when all other laboratory assays an...

Amylase

Amylase is widely employed as a marker of acute pancreatitis and a significant elevation is diagnostic. Physiology α-amylase is a digestive enzyme that is predominantly secreted by the acinar cells of the exocrine pancreas. It is also secreted by the salivary glands. Pancreatic amylase is enco...

Lamellated

The term lamellated (or laminated which means the same thing) is a radiopathological term used to describe the layered appearance of many calculi, including those of the renal tract, the salivary glands, and the biliary tree. The internal structure of these calculi has been likened to that of an...

Falciform artery

The falciform artery, also known as the hepatic falciform artery (HFA) is an uncommon vascular anatomic variant that most commonly arises as the terminal branch of the middle hepatic artery which courses anteriorly through the falciform ligament into and supplying the supraumbilical anterior abd...

Liver biopsy (percutaneous)

Percutaneous liver biopsy, utilizing either ultrasound or CT guidance, allows for an accurate and reliable method of acquiring hepatic tissue for histopathological assessment. It is divided into two types: non-focal or non-targeted liver biopsy (used in the assessment and staging of the pare...

Point-of-care ultrasound (curriculum)

The point-of-care ultrasound (PoCUS) curriculum is one of our curriculum articles and aims to be a collection of articles that represent the core applications of ultrasonography in a point-of-care setting. Point-of-care ultrasound refers to ultrasonography which may be simultaneously performed,...

Umbilical vein

The umbilical vein is the conduit for blood returning from the placenta to the fetus until it involutes soon after birth. The umbilical vein arises from multiple tributaries within the placenta and enters the umbilical cord, along with the (usually) paired umbilical arteries. Once it enters the...

Labeled imaging anatomy cases

This article lists a series of labeled imaging anatomy cases by body region and modality. Brain CT head: non-contrast axial CT head: non-contrast coronal CT head: non-contrast sagittal CT head: non-contrast axial with clinical questions CT head: angiogram axial CT head: angiogram coronal ...

Middle hepatic artery

The middle hepatic artery (MHA) is an intrahepatic hilar arterial branch, usually arising from the left hepatic artery, which supplies segments 4a and 4b. It runs towards the right side of the umbilical fissure. Variant anatomy it may arise from the right hepatic artery 1,2 it may arise as a ...

Splenic brucellosis

Brucellosis is a common zoonosis, which is particularly prevalent in Mediterranean countries. It produces a multisystemic illness that can present with a broad spectrum of clinical manifestations and complications 1. This article is focusing on the splenic involvement by brucellosis. For genera...

Niemann-Pick disease type A

Niemann-Pick disease type A (NPD-A) is one of a group of autosomal recessive lysosomal lipid storage disorders (see Niemann-Pick disease) that presents in early childhood and usually progresses to death within a few years. It shares the same enzyme deficiency as Niemann-Pick disease type B (NPD-...

Gilbert syndrome

Gilbert syndrome is a hereditary condition which can result in jaundice. Pathology It results in intermittent unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia in the absence of hepatocellular disease or hemolysis. Uridine diphosphate-glucuronyl transferase activity is reduced resulting in indirect hyperbilirub...

Papillary process of the caudate lobe

The papillary process of the caudate lobe, also known as the medial papillary process, represents a division of the inferior caudate lobe of the liver 1. The inferior aspect of the caudate may be divided into medial and lateral processes. While the lateral or caudate process is contiguous with ...

Biliary necrosis

Biliary necrosis refers to the death of the intrahepatic bile ducts epithelium commonly seen as a complication of hepatic artery thrombosis. Pathology Different from the liver parenchyma that has dual supply, portal vein, and hepatic artery, the intrahepatic biliary ducts are exclusively supp...

Pancreatico-pleural fistula

Pancreatico-pleural fistulae are a rare complication of acute or chronic pancreatitis whereby enzymatic pancreatic fluid, either from a pancreatic pseudocyst or directly from a disrupted duct, dissects into the pleural cavity. Pancreaticopleural fistulas may also develop in the setting of trauma...

Liver lobules

Liver lobules are the basic functional units of the liver. They are classically described ('classic lobules') as hexagonal structures made of six vertically aligned portal canals with a central vein. However, microscopic evaluation of the liver usually shows a lack of classic liver lobule as a w...

Glisson's capsule

Glisson's capsule is the external fibrous layer that envelops liver lobules. Related pathology Right upper quadrant pain can be caused by distension of Glisson's capsule 3. This can be caused by several processes, including a hematoma or a mass. History and etymology It is named after Franc...

Liver sinusoid

Liver sinusoids are a type of fenestrated/porous blood vessel which compose the 'capillary bed' of the liver parenchyma. They receive terminal branches of the oxygen-rich hepatic artery (terminal hepatic arterioles) and nutrient-rich portal vein (terminal portal venules). They facilitate vascula...

Geographic appearance

Geographic appearance is a term used in imaging, and other clinical fields (e.g. histopathology) to describe lesions with a well-circumscribed margins with adjacent tissues. The term derives from the somewhat similar appearance of the outline of countries on a map or the clear demarcation forme...

Celiacomesenteric trunk

The celiacomesenteric trunk (CMT) represents an uncommon vascular anatomical variant where both the celiac trunk and the superior mesenteric artery (SMA) have a common origin from the abdominal aorta as a single trunk. Its frequency has been reported to occur in about 1.5% of the population 1,2....

Transverse pancreatic artery

The transverse pancreatic artery, also known as the inferior pancreatic artery, is a branch of the splenic artery that supplies the pancreatic tail and body. It arises from the proximal splenic artery and descends a short distance to run to the left along the posterior margin of the pancreas ne...

Dorsal pancreatic artery

The dorsal pancreatic artery is a branch of the splenic artery that supplies the pancreas. It arises from the proximal splenic artery and descends a short distance to run along the posterior margin of the pancreas where it divides in to left and right branches. the right branches pass either an...

Greater pancreatic artery

The greater pancreatic artery, also known as the pancreatica magna artery, is a branch of the splenic artery that supplies the pancreatic tail and body. It arises approximately two thirds the way along the splenic artery and descends a short distance to run to the left along the posterior margi...

Ascaris-induced pancreatitis

Ascaris-induced pancreatitis is the most common form of parasite-induced pancreatitis. Epidemiology Ascariasis in parts of India is the second most common form of pancreatitis after gallstones 1. It is rare outside of endemic regions however. Clinical presentation The presentation will be si...

Hypertriglyceridemia-induced pancreatitis

Hypertriglyceridemia-induced pancreatitis is an uncommon form of acute pancreatitis caused by high levels of circulating triglycerides in the blood. Epidemiology Hypertriglyceridemia-induced pancreatitis accounts for around 1-4% of cases of acute pancreatitis and is the third most common cause...

Diabetic ketoacidosis

Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) is an acute, life-threatening complication that usually occurs in new-onset and established type 1 diabetic patients due to a state of severe insulin deficiency. This condition is characterized by hyperglycemia, ketoacidosis, and ketonuria. Epidemiology Diabetic ket...

Lipase

Lipase, more specifically pancreatic lipase, is an enzyme produced in the pancreas and is responsible for the digestion of fat molecules. It may be raised (hyperlipasemia) in numerous pancreatic, hepatobiliary and other diseases but is most commonly associated with acute pancreatitis. Physiolog...

Gallbladder metastases

Gallbladder metastases are rare and usually represent an advanced and end-stage of malignancy. Malignant melanoma and gastric carcinoma account for the most common primary malignancies to see metastases to the gallbladder, in the Western and Asian societies, respectively. Epidemiology They re...

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