Articles
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16,918 results
Article
Tarlov cyst
Tarlov cysts, also called perineural cysts, are CSF-filled dilatations of the nerve root sheath at the dorsal root ganglion (posterior nerve root sheath). These are type II spinal meningeal cysts that are, by definition, extradural but contain neural tissue.
Most Tarlov cysts are asymptomatic, ...
Article
Bottom of sulcus focal cortical dysplasia
Bottom of sulcus focal cortical dysplasia, or simply bottom of sulcus dysplasia, refers to a highly epileptogenic and localized focal cortical dysplasia that is anatomically restricted to, and maximal at, the bottom of a cortical sulcus.
Epidemiology
The true incidence is not known given botto...
Article
Anterior ethmoidal artery
The anterior ethmoid artery is a branch of the ophthalmic artery. It supplies the anterior and middle ethmoidal sinuses, frontal sinus, the lateral nasal wall and the nasal septum (see nasal cavity).
Gross anatomy
It traverses the anterior ethmoidal foramen with the anterior ethmoidal nerve (w...
Article
Proatlantal artery
The proatlantal artery is one of the persistent carotid-vertebrobasilar anastomoses.
There are two types, depending on its origin:
type I: (~55%)
corresponds to the first segmental artery
arises from the internal carotid artery
also known as the proatlantal intersegmental artery
type II: (...
Article
Persistent hypoglossal artery
Persistent hypoglossal artery is one of the persistent carotid-vertebrobasilar anastomoses. It is present in 0.02-0.26% of individuals 2 and overall, is second in frequency to the trigeminal artery which is present approximately six times as often.
It arises from the distal cervical internal c...
Article
Sacroiliitis (differential)
Sacroiliitis (rare plural: sacroiliitides), an inflammation of the sacroiliac joint, can be a manifestation of a wide range of disease processes. The pattern of involvement is helpful for narrowing down the differential diagnosis.
Usually bilateral and symmetrical
enteropathic arthritis
Croh...
Article
Superior labral anterior posterior tear
Superior labral anterior posterior (SLAP) tears are injuries of the glenoid labrum, and can often be confused with a sublabral sulcus on MRI.
Pathology
SLAP tears involve the superior glenoid labrum, where the long head of biceps tendon inserts. They can extend into the tendon, involve the gl...
Article
Charcot joint
Charcot joint, also known as a neuropathic joint or Charcot (neuro/osteo)arthropathy, refers to a progressive degenerative/destructive joint disorder in patients with abnormal pain sensation and proprioception.
Epidemiology
In modern Western societies by far the most common cause of Charcot jo...
Article
Lymphangitic carcinomatosis
Lymphangitic carcinomatosis, or lymphangitis carcinomatosa, is the term given to tumor spread through the lymphatics of the lung and is most commonly seen secondary to adenocarcinoma.
Epidemiology
The demographics will reflect that of the underlying malignancy (see below).
Clinical presentati...
Article
Infectious tenosynovitis
Infectious or septic tenosynovitis refers to an infection of the closed synovial tendon sheath 1-3.
Terminology
The term infectious or septic tenosynovitis applies to tendons with a tendon sheath; for tendons without a tendon sheath with a paratenon, the term infective paratenonitis can be use...
Article
Sacroiliitis
Sacroiliitis (rare plural: sacroiliitides) is an inflammation of one or both sacroiliac (SI) joints. It is a common cause of buttocks or lower back pain and can manifest as a wide range of disease processes.
Clinical presentation
Symptoms of sacroiliitis can vary. People with sacroiliitis comm...
Article
Neurofibromatosis type 1 (musculoskeletal manifestations)
Musculoskeletal manifestations of neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1), or von Recklinghausen disease, are relatively common among these patients, with skeletal abnormalities occurring in up to 50% 1.
For a general discussion of the underlying condition, please refer to the article on neurofibromatos...
Article
Posterior cranial fossa
The posterior cranial fossa is the most posterior aspect of the skull base housing the brainstem and cerebellum.
Gross anatomy
The following structures are present from anterior to posterior:
internal acoustic meatus
foramen magnum
groove for superior petrosal sinus
jugular foramen
hypogl...
Article
Hamada classification of massive rotator cuff tears
The Hamada classification divides the x-ray features of massive rotator cuff tears into five grades. Subsequently, Walch subdivided grade 4 into two subtypes 1,2.
Classification
Hamada classification with Walch modification of rotator cuff tear arthropathy 1,3:
grade 1: acromiohumeral interva...
Article
Myxopapillary ependymoma
Myxopapillary ependymomas are a variant type of ependymoma that occurs predominantly in the filum terminale and/or conus medullaris. They represent 13% of all spinal ependymomas and are the most common tumors of the cauda equina region.
Epidemiology
They tend to have an earlier clinical presen...
Article
Multinodular and vacuolating neuronal tumor
Multinodular and vacuolating neuronal tumors (MVNT) are lesions with distinct cytoarchitectural patterns. They are often considered part of the heterogeneous group of tumors known as long-term epilepsy-associated tumors (LEATs).
Radiologically, MVNTs appear as small "bubbly" indolent subcortica...
Article
Multiple endocrine neoplasia type IIb
Multiple endocrine neoplasia (MEN) type IIb, also known as MEN type 3 (MEN3) 3 or mucosal neuroma syndrome 2, accounts for only 5% cases of MEN2 and is characterized by:
pheochromocytoma(s): in 50% of patients, often bilateral, and can be extra-adrenal
medullary thyroid cancer: 100% of patient...
Article
Portal venous flow
Portal venous flow is normally towards the liver (hepatopetal), with the normal main portal vein peak systolic velocities usually measuring 20-40 cm/s 1,3.
In pathological situations, the flow velocity may decrease or even invert resulting in hepatofugal flow.
The flow waveform is usually smoo...
Article
Medulloblastoma
Medulloblastomas are the most common malignant brain tumors of childhood, most often presenting as midline masses in the roof of the 4th ventricle (at the superior medullary velum) with associated mass-effect and hydrocephalus. Treatment typically consists of surgical resection, radiation therap...
Article
Hydatid disease
Hydatid cysts result from infection by the Echinococcus tapeworm species and can result in cyst formation anywhere in the body.
Epidemiology
Cystic echinococcosis has a worldwide geographical distribution. The Mediterranean basin is an important endemic area 6,7.
Pathology
Two main species o...