Articles
Articles are a collaborative effort to provide a single canonical page on all topics relevant to the practice of radiology. As such, articles are written and continuously improved upon by countless contributing members. Our dedicated editors oversee each edit for accuracy and style. Find out more about articles.
16,919 results
Article
PSMA theranostics
PSMA theranostics is an emerging nuclear medicine approach in the management of prostate cancer that combines the use of prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA)-targeted imaging and therapy 1. PSMA-targeted imaging can be used to identify and locate prostate cancer cells, while PSMA radioligan...
Article
X-ray production
X-rays are produced due to sudden deceleration of fast-moving electrons when they collide and interact with the target anode. In this process of deceleration, more than 99% of the electron energy is converted into heat and less than 1% of energy is converted into x-rays.
Definitions
Generator
...
Article
COVID-19 (summary)
This summary article is intended to be used as a quick reference guide. Please see our complete COVID-19 article for more details.
COVID-19 (coronavirus disease 2019) is a viral infectious disease caused by SARS-CoV-2 and is a World Health Organizatiοn (WHO) declared pandemic. As of 2024, ~775...
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Non-invasive perinatal testing (NIPT)
Non-invasive perinatal testing (NIPT) is an antenatal screening technique that relies on the detection of small amounts of cell-free fetal DNA to be detected in the maternal bloodstream, hence allowing prenatal genetic diagnosis to occur by way of a maternal blood test. It can be performed from ...
Article
Femur series (pediatric)
The femur series for pediatrics is comprised of an anteroposterior (AP), and lateral radiograph. The series is utilized to assess for abnormalities pertaining to the shaft of the femur (often requested when fringe abnormality is seen on hip or knee radiographs). It is not an effective series to ...
Article
Pulmonary alveolar proteinosis
Pulmonary alveolar proteinosis (PAP) is a lung disease characterized by an abnormal intra-alveolar accumulation of surfactant-derived lipoproteinaceous material.
On imaging, pulmonary alveolar proteinosis is classically associated with the lung crazy paving pattern on CT, although it is a rare ...
Article
Juvenile idiopathic arthritis
Juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA), also known as juvenile rheumatoid arthritis (JRA), is the most common chronic arthritic disease of childhood and corresponds to a group of different subtypes.
Epidemiology
The estimated incidence is ~13 per 100,000 per annum 3. By definition, symptoms must ...
Article
Scleroderma (musculoskeletal manifestations)
Musculoskeletal manifestations of scleroderma are common although variable and are a major contributor to morbidity 7.
For a general discussion of scleroderma, please refer to the parent article: scleroderma.
Epidemiology
Symptomatic joints are present in ~40% (range 12-65%) of patients when ...
Article
Spinal cord compression
Spinal cord compression (SCC) is a surgical emergency, usually requiring prompt surgical decompression to prevent permanent neurological impairment. If the spinal roots below the conus medullaris are involved, and there are characteristic symptoms and signs, it is termed cauda equina syndrome.
...
Article
Theodore Eliot Keats
Theodore Eliot Keats, M.D. (1924-2010) was an eminent American radiologist whose unwavering dedication to education and authorship left an indelible mark on radiology.
Early Life
Theodore Keats was born in New Brunswick, New Jersey (N.J.), on June 26, 1924 1,2. In 1945, he completed his und...
Article
Anterior inferior cerebellar artery (AICA) infarct
Anterior inferior cerebellar artery (AICA) territory infarcts are much less common than posterior inferior cerebellar artery (PICA) infarcts. AICA generally arises from the caudal third of the basilar artery and supplies the lateral pons, inner ear, middle cerebellar peduncle and the anterior in...
Article
Tarlov cyst
Tarlov cysts, also called perineural cysts, are CSF-filled dilatations of the nerve root sheath at the dorsal root ganglion (posterior nerve root sheath). These are type II spinal meningeal cysts that are, by definition, extradural but contain neural tissue.
Most Tarlov cysts are asymptomatic, ...
Article
Trocar technique
The trocar technique is a common technique for surgical procedures and interventional placement of tubes and drainage where instruments, tubes or drains are advanced to the target location through a fixed cannula or hollow tube namely the trocar, which acts as a portal in the process.
History
...
Article
Aicardi-Goutières syndrome
Aicardi-Goutières syndrome is a rare hereditary neurodegenerative disease which usually presents in early infancy as a systemic and central nervous system inflammatory syndrome characterized by hepatosplenomegaly, vasculopathy and encephalopathy. Many of the features are similar to congenital TO...
Article
Celiac disease
Celiac disease, also known as non-tropical sprue, is the most common gluten-related disorder and is a T-cell mediated autoimmune chronic gluten intolerance condition characterized by a loss of villi in the proximal small bowel and gastrointestinal malabsorption (sprue).
It should always be cons...
Article
Pulmonary edema
Pulmonary edema is a broad descriptive term and is usually defined as an abnormal accumulation of fluid in the extravascular compartments of the lung 1.
Clinical presentation
The clinical presentation of pulmonary edema includes:
acute breathlessness
orthopnea
paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea (...
Article
Gastric volvulus
Gastric volvulus is a specific type of volvulus that occurs when the stomach twists on its mesentery. It should be at least 180° and cause bowel obstruction to be called gastric volvulus. Merely gastric rotation on its root is not considered gastric volvulus.
Epidemiology
Organo-axial volvulus...
Article
Cascade stomach
A cascade stomach, also called a cup and spill configuration, is an anatomic variant of the stomach involving an angulation separating the fundus and body of the stomach without twisting around the gastric mesenteries. It is named for its appearance on contrast swallow, where contrast may fill t...
Article
Air-tissue interface sign - breast
Air-tissue interface sign on mammography in cases where the mass is located on the skin helps to distinguish it from intra-mammary mass so that in the skin-based lesion, due to the presence of air in the vicinity of a part of the margin, its border is pretty sharp and a narrow lucent rim around ...
Article
Cingulate gyrus
The cingulate gyrus lies on the medial aspect of the cerebral hemisphere. It forms a major part of the limbic system which has functions in emotion and behavior. The frontal portion is termed the anterior cingulate gyrus (or cortex) 1,2.
Gross anatomy
Location
The cingulate gyrus extends fro...
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