Articles
Articles are a collaborative effort to provide a single canonical page on all topics relevant to the practice of radiology. As such, articles are written and continuously improved upon by countless contributing members. Our dedicated editors oversee each edit for accuracy and style. Find out more about articles.
16,906 results found
Article
Animal and animal produce inspired signs
Animal and animal produce inspired signs may sound a little silly, but the radiology literature is replete with such signs, some more fanciful than others.
Fish and marine life
cluster of black pearls sign
endosteal scalloping: medullary cavity masses, e.g. multiple myeloma
fish vertebra (al...
Article
Alexander disease
Alexander disease, also known as fibrinoid leukodystrophy, is a rare fatal leukodystrophy, which usually becomes clinically evident in the infantile period, although neonatal, juvenile and even adult variants are recognized. As with many other diseases with variable age of presentation, the earl...
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Chipmunk sign (brainstem)
The chipmunk sign refers to the MRI appearance of the medulla in some patients with leukodystrophies, particularly Alexander disease. The same appearance has been described in adult polyglucosan body disease, vanishing white matter disease, Pelizaeus-Merzbacher disease, 4H syndrome, and adult-on...
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Idiopathic orbital inflammation
Idiopathic orbital inflammation, also known as orbital pseudotumor, or idiopathic orbital inflammatory syndrome and non-specific orbital inflammation, is an idiopathic inflammatory condition that most commonly involves the extraocular muscles. Less commonly there is inflammatory change involving...
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Autoimmune glial fibrillary acid protein (GFAP) astrocytopathy
Autoimmune glial fibrillary acid protein (GFAP) astrocytopathy, or simply GFAP astrocytopathy, is a rare inflammatory central nervous system (CNS) disorder.
Epidemiology
Given the rarity of the condition, epidemiological data pertaining to autoimmune GFAP astrocytopathy are not well establishe...
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Iterative reconstruction (CT)
Iterative reconstruction refers to an image reconstruction algorithm used in CT that begins with an image assumption and compares it to real-time measured values while making constant adjustments until the two are in agreement.
Computer technology limited early scanners in their ability to perf...
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Necrotizing enterocolitis
Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) is the most common gastrointestinal condition in premature neonates. It is characterized by inflammation, ischemia, and permeability of the neonatal bowel wall to bacteria. It is potentially life-threatening with significant associated morbidity 1.
Epidemiology
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Active surveillance
Active surveillance describes a management option aiming at close monitoring of a specific stage of disease and minimizing adverse treatment-related effects without compromising survival at the same time. Curative or definite treatment is intended and offered upon deterioration or explicit patie...
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Double skull sign (cephalohematoma)
The double skull sign is an eggshell calcification seen on CT in early cases of calcified cephalohematomas.
Article
Optic neuritis
Optic neuritis denotes inflammation of the optic nerve and is one of the more common causes of optic neuropathy. It can be thought of as broadly divided into infectious and non-infectious causes, although the latter is far more frequent (including idiopathic cases). On imaging, optic neuritis is...
Article
Myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody-associated disease (MOGAD)
Myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody-associated disease (MOGAD) represents a group of inflammatory demyelinating disorders united by the presence of IgG antibodies to myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG). MOGAD represents a distinct clinical entity that clinically overlaps but is n...
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Optic perineuritis
Optic perineuritis, also known as perioptic neuritis, refers to inflammation of the optic nerve sheath. Optic perineuritis may manifest on its own, or together with inflammation of adjacent ocular or orbital structures.
Epidemiology
Optic perineuritis is likely rare 1, but the exact incidence ...
Article
Lingual thyroid
A lingual thyroid is a specific type of ectopic thyroid and results from the lack of normal caudal migration of the thyroid gland.
NB: Location at the base of the tongue aside, the information in this article can relate to any ectopic thyroid tissue.
Epidemiology
The condition is congenital a...
Article
Thyroglossal duct cyst
Thyroglossal duct cysts are the most common type of congenital neck cysts and pediatric neck masses. They are typically located in the midline and are the most common midline neck mass in young patients. They can be diagnosed with multiple imaging modalities including ultrasound, CT and MRI.
Ep...
Article
Area postrema syndrome
Area postrema syndrome is a disorder of the chemoreceptor trigger zone (area postrema) which is located on the medial posteroinferior surface of the medulla oblongata. It is usually a demyelinating disorder, as one of the core clinical characteristics of neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder 1,...
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Neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder
Neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD) is a severe demyelinating diseases, which in seropositive cases, is caused by an autoantibody to the aquaporin-4 (AQP4) water channel. The classic presentation of NMOSD is with the triad of optic neuritis, longitudinally extensive myelitis, and posi...
Article
Undulating fascia sign
The undulating fascia sign is a radiological sign described in MRI of the lower limbs, typically, but not exclusively, in sporadic inclusion body myositis.
The undulating fascia sign refers to the appearance of the fascia between the vastus intermedius and vastus lateralis muscles on T1 sequenc...
Article
Chondrosarcoma
Chondrosarcomas are a heterogeneous group of malignant cartilaginous tumors most commonly found in older patients. They can arise de novo or secondary to an existing benign cartilaginous neoplasm. On imaging, these tumors have ring-and-arc chondroid matrix mineralization with aggressive features...
Article
Empty sella
An empty sella, also known as an empty pituitary fossa, refers to the appearance of the sella turcica when the pituitary gland appears shrunken or invisible and CSF fills the space instead. It is commonly an incidental finding of no clinical significance, but there exists a well-established asso...
Article
Functional endoscopic sinus surgery (FESS)
Functional endoscopic sinus surgery (FESS) is a type of paranasal sinus surgery performed intranasally using a rigid endoscope. Its primary objective is to restore physiological ventilation and mucociliary transport 1.
Paranasal sinus imaging is crucial in preoperative planning and is also incr...
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