Articles
Articles are a collaborative effort to provide a single canonical page on all topics relevant to the practice of radiology. As such, articles are written and continuously improved upon by countless contributing members. Our dedicated editors oversee each edit for accuracy and style. Find out more about articles.
16,919 results
Article
Aicardi-Goutières syndrome
Aicardi-Goutières syndrome is a rare hereditary neurodegenerative disease which usually presents in early infancy as a systemic and central nervous system inflammatory syndrome characterized by hepatosplenomegaly, vasculopathy and encephalopathy. Many of the features are similar to congenital TO...
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Cervical canal stenosis
Cervical canal stenosis is a general term that refers to the abnormal narrowing of the cervical spinal canal that compromises the nerve root and/or spinal cord resulting in radiculopathy and/or compressive myelopathy. The most common cause of cervical spinal canal stenosis is age-related degener...
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Cerebrum
The cerebrum is a paired neural structure composed of the two cerebral hemispheres (left and right) each containing a central space, the lateral ventricle. It develops from the telencephalon.
Gross anatomy
The cerebrum takes up most of the intracranial cavity and lies above the tentorium cereb...
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Lumbar canal stenosis
Lumbar canal stenosis is a general term that refers to the pathological narrowing of the spinal canal, nerve root canals and/or the intervertebral foramina in the lumbar spine 1-4,6,7,9,10.
Epidemiology
Lumbar canal stenosis is common, especially among individuals over 60 years old, and its pr...
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Spinal stenosis
Spinal stenosis is a condition in which a portion of the spinal canal narrows to the point at which it can exert pressure on the nerves that travel through the spine.
Spinal stenosis is not to be confused with foraminal stenosis, which is the narrowing of the foramina with subsequent compressio...
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Spinal cord
The spinal cord is the part of the central nervous system found within the vertebral column's spinal canal. The cord extends from the corticomedullary junction at the foramen magnum of the skull down to the tip of the conus medullaris within the lumbar cistern. It is lined by the spinal pia mate...
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Midbrain
The midbrain, or mesencephalon (plural: mesencephala or mesencephalons), is the most rostral part of the brainstem and sits above the pons and is adjoined rostrally to the thalamus. During development, the midbrain forms from the middle of three vesicles that arise from the neural tube.
When vi...
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Pons
The pons (TA: pons; plural: pontes 3), a.k.a. pons Varolii, is the middle portion of the three contiguous parts of the brainstem, sitting above the medulla and below the midbrain. It acts as a relay between the cerebellum and cerebral hemispheres.
Gross anatomy
The pons has a bulbous shape an...
Article
Cerebellum
The cerebellum, meaning "the little brain", sits at the base of the brain in the posterior cranial fossa below the tentorium and behind the brainstem.
Gross anatomy
The cerebellum has the following features:
three surfaces: anterior (petrosal), superior (tentorial), inferior (suboccipital)
...
Article
Cerebellar infarction
Cerebellar infarction is a relatively uncommon subtype of ischemic stroke. It may involve any of the three arteries supplying the cerebellum:
superior cerebellar artery (SCA): superior cerebellar arterial infarct
anterior inferior cerebellar artery (AICA): anterior inferior cerebellar arterial...
Article
Perianal fistula
Perianal fistula (or fistula-in-ano) (plural: fistulae or fistulas) is the presence of a fistulous tract across/between/adjacent to the anal sphincters and is usually an inflammatory condition 1.
Epidemiology
Incidence is estimated at ~1:10,000 2, with a recognized male predilection of 2-4:1.
...
Article
Knee joint
The knee joint is a modified hinge joint between the femur, tibia, and patella. It is the largest synovial joint in the body and allows flexion and extension of the leg as well as some rotation in the flexed position.
Summary
location: two condylar joints between femur and tibia; saddle joint ...
Article
Foot series
The foot series is comprised of a dorsoplantar (DP), medial oblique, and a lateral projection. The series is often utilized in emergency departments after trauma or sports related injuries 2,4.
See: approach to foot series.
Indications
Foot radiographs are performed for a variety of indicatio...
Article
WHO classification of haematolymphoid tumors
The World Health Organization (WHO) classification of haematolymphoid tumors is the most widely used pathologic classification system for hematopoietic and lymphoid neoplasms. The current revision 1, known as the 5th edition, was published in 2022 and supersedes the 4th edition revised published...
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Acute erythroid leukemia
Acute erythroid leukemia (AML-M6 or AEL) is defined as a subtype of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) with predominance of erythroid precursors (≥ 50% of bone marrow nucleated cells are of erythroid origin).
Epidemiology
This type accounts for less than 5% of all cases of acute myeloid leukemia.
S...
Article
OK sign test
The OK sign test is a clinical test to evaluate for potential injury of the anterior interosseous nerve.
Gross anatomy
The anterior interosseous nerve (roots C8-T1)is a branch off the median nerve (roots C6-T1), arising just after the median nerve passes through the two heads of the pronator t...
Article
Adrenal hyperplasia
Adrenal hyperplasia refers to non-malignant growth (enlargement) of the adrenal glands.
Secondary adrenal cortical hyperplasia (i.e., ACTH-dependent, Cushing Disease) is more common and most often due to ACTH producing pituitary tumors. More rarely, it is caused by ACTH-producing small cell lu...
Article
Acute cholecystitis
Acute cholecystitis refers to the acute inflammation of the gallbladder. It is the primary complication of cholelithiasis and the most common cause of acute pain in the right upper quadrant (RUQ).
Epidemiology
Acute cholecystitis is a common cause of hospital admission and is responsible for a...
Article
Phalanges of the hands
The phalanges (single: phalanx) of the hands are the tubular bones of the fingers and thumb. The second to fifth fingers each contain a proximal, middle and distal phalanx whereas the thumb only contains a proximal and distal phalanx.
Gross anatomy
Osteology
The middle and proximal phalanges ...
Article
Wrist
The wrist is a complex synovial joint formed by articulations of the radius, the articular disc of the distal radioulnar joint and the carpal bones.
Terminology
Somewhat confusingly, the term carpus can be used as a synonym for the wrist joint as a whole, or in a more restricted sense to refer...
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