Articles
Articles are a collaborative effort to provide a single canonical page on all topics relevant to the practice of radiology. As such, articles are written and continuously improved upon by countless contributing members. Our dedicated editors oversee each edit for accuracy and style. Find out more about articles.
16,905 results found
Article
Vocal cord paralysis
Vocal cord paralysis/paresis (VCP), also known as vocal fold paralysis/paresis, refers to the impaired mobility of the true vocal cord or fold due to neurologic dysfunction.
Clinical presentation
Unilateral vocal cord paralysis usually presents with dysphonia (hoarseness), characterized as a b...
Article
Lisfranc joint
The tarsometatarsal joint, or Lisfranc joint, is the articulation between the tarsus (midfoot) and the metatarsal bases (forefoot), representing a combination of tarsometatarsal joints.
Gross anatomy
The first three metatarsals articulate with the three cuneiforms, respectively, and the 4th an...
Article
Normal lower limb imaging examples
This page lists examples of normal imaging of the lower limb, divided by region and modality.
Pelvic girdle
plain radiograph
pelvis
example 1: frontal
example 2: pediatric
example 3: pediatric (9 months, 11 months, and older child)
example 4: trauma supine
example 5: frontal (female)
ex...
Article
Hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy
Hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy (HIPEC) is a form of chemotherapy used for the treatment of peritoneal malignancy.
It usually involves the instillation of heated chemotherapy agents (approximately 41–43°C) directly into the abdominopelvic cavity immediately after surgery. It delivers...
Article
Posterior shoulder dislocation
Posterior shoulder dislocations are far less common than anterior shoulder dislocations and can be difficult to identify if only AP projections are obtained. A high index of suspicion is helpful.
Epidemiology
Posterior shoulder dislocations account for only 2-4% of all shoulder dislocations (t...
Article
Myocardial bridging of the coronary arteries
Myocardial bridging is a common congenital anomaly of the coronary arteries where a coronary artery courses through the myocardium.
Epidemiology
It is found approximately in 20-30% of the adult population in autopsy studies. The incidence in coronary angiograms is between 2-15% and can be eas...
Article
Idiopathic myointintimal hyperplasia of the mesenteric veins
Idiopathic myointintimal hyperplasia of the mesenteric veins (IMHMV) is a rare cause of chronic progressive colonic ischemia due to non-thrombotic venous occlusion. Patients are typically misdiagnosed as inflammatory bowel disease or infectious colitis 4.
Epidemiology
This little known disease...
Article
OK sign test
The OK sign test is a common test to evaluate for potential injury to the anterior interosseous nerve.
Gross anatomy
The anterior interosseous nerve (roots C8-T1)is a branch off the median nerve (roots C6-T1), arising just after the median nerve passes through the two heads of the pronator ter...
Article
Anti-phospholipase A2 receptor antibody
Anti-phospholipase A2 receptor antibody (Anti-PLA2R) is an antibody test that is used in the immunohistochemical evaluation of membranous nephropathy (i.e. in differentiation of primary versus secondary) which in is one of the commonest causes of nephrotic syndrome. It may play a role a negating...
Article
Elbow
The elbow is a complex synovial joint formed by the articulations of the humerus, the radius, and the ulna.
Gross anatomy
Articulations
The elbow joint is made up of three articulations 2,3:
radiohumeral: capitellum of the humerus with the radial head
ulnohumeral: trochlea of the humerus w...
Article
Acute esophageal necrosis
Acute esophageal necrosis, sometimes known as black esophagus or esophageal stroke is a rare entity characterized by patchy or diffuse circumferential black pigmentation of the esophageal mucosa from ischemic necrosis.
On endoscopy there is distal diffuse circumferential blackening of the esoph...
Article
Milwaukee shoulder
Milwaukee shoulder refers to a destructive arthropathy associated with advanced rotator cuff tears and deposition of basic calcium phosphate crystals including hydroxyapatite crystals.
Epidemiology
Milwaukee shoulder frequently affects older women with an age range of 50 - 90 years, often with...
Article
Anode (x-ray tube)
The anode (or anticathode) is the component of the x-ray tube where x-rays are produced. It is a piece of metal, shaped in the form of a bevelled disk with a diameter between 55 and 100 mm, and thickness of 7 mm, connected to the positive side of the electrical circuit. The anode converts the en...
Article
Histiocyte Society classification of histiocytoses
The Histiocyte Society classification of histiocytoses and neoplasms of macrophage-dendritic cell lineages is in its 2016 revision of the organization's initial classification system from 1987.
Terminology
Histiocytes are mononuclear phagocytes that reside in tissues, including macrophages and...
Article
Investigating focal weakness (summary)
This is a basic article for medical students and other non-radiologists
Investigating focal weakness makes up a large proportion of the workload for neurologists and neuroradiologists. A wide range of serious CNS disorders can present with focal weakness. Appropriate timely imaging can guide di...
Article
Radiation risk factor
The radiation risk factor is the total lifetime risk of radiation-induced fatal cancer for the general population.
The International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP) quantifies the radiation risk factor as 5% (5 in 100) per Sv, or 0.05% (1 in 20,000) per mSv.
These figures are base...
Article
Plate and screw fixation
Plate and screw fixation is a method of internal fixation used in orthopedic surgery. It is most commonly used in open reduction internal fixation (ORIF) surgeries as well as fixation of bone post osteotomy (e.g. high tibial osteotomy or rotational osteotomy).
When applied to the convex side o...
Article
Acute lymphoblastic leukemia
Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is a malignant disorder of the bone marrow characterized by the proliferation of the lymphoid progenitor cells, typically of the B cell lineage.
Epidemiology
Acute lymphoblastic leukemia is the commonest form of childhood leukemia, accounting for ~80% of pedi...
Article
Neutron therapy
Neutron therapy is a form of particle therapy using neutrons as the energy-carrying particle. The therapy has shown promise for some malignancies but there have also been problems with accurate dose distributions and late complications. Some of these problems historically were thought to be - at...
Article
Cervical carcinoma
Cervical carcinoma is a malignancy arising from the cervix. It is the third most common gynecologic malignancy (after endometrial and ovarian).
Epidemiology
It typically presents in younger women with an average age of onset at around 45 years.
Risk factors
human papillomavirus (HPV) 16 and...
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