Articles
Articles are a collaborative effort to provide a single canonical page on all topics relevant to the practice of radiology. As such, articles are written and continuously improved upon by countless contributing members. Our dedicated editors oversee each edit for accuracy and style. Find out more about articles.
16,925 results
Article
Kidneys
The kidneys are paired retroperitoneal organs that lie at the level of the T12 to L3 vertebral bodies.
Gross anatomy
Location
The kidneys are located to either side of the vertebral column in the perirenal space of the retroperitoneum, within the posterior abdominal wall. The long axis of the...
Article
Occipital condyle fracture
Occipital condylar fractures are uncommon injuries usually resulting from high-energy blunt trauma. They are considered a specific type of basilar skull fracture, and importantly can be seen along with craniocervical dissociation.
Treatment of isolated injury is generally conservative, unless t...
Article
FLAIR-hyperintense lesions in anti-MOG associated encephalitis with seizures (FLAMES)
FLAIR-hyperintense lesions in anti-MOG associated encephalitis with seizures (FLAMES) is a clinicoradiographic sub-entity of MOGAD comprising seizures and FLAIR-hyperintensities on MRI, particularly involving the cerebral cortex 1,2.
Epidemiology and treatment are covered in a general discussio...
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Medical abbreviations and acronyms (D)
This article contains a list of commonly used medical abbreviations and acronyms that start with the letter D and may be encountered in medicine and radiology (please keep both the main list and any sublists in alphabetic order).
A - B - C - D - E - F - G - H - I - J - K - L - M - N - O - P - Q...
Article
Trichilemmal cyst
Trichilemmal cysts, also known as pilar cysts, are benign accumulations of keratin along the outer hair root sheath, most commonly on the scalp. They are the most common subcutaneous nodule incidentally found on head imaging and are of no clinical relevance when asymptomatic 1. Uncommonly, they ...
Article
Bear paw sign (kidney)
The bear paw sign refers to the cross-sectional appearance of the kidney affected by xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis. There is a radial arrangement of multiple, low attenuation rounded spaces representing dilated calyces, surrounded by thin renal parenchyma that has higher attenuation or cont...
Article
Xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis
Xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis (XGP) is a rare form of chronic pyelonephritis and represents a chronic granulomatous disease resulting in a non-functioning kidney. Radiographic features are usually specific.
Epidemiology
Xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis is seen essentially in all age gro...
Article
Fetal death in utero
Fetal death in utero (FDIU), also known as intrauterine death (IUD), is the term used when the death of a fetus occurs after the 20th week of pregnancy. Prior to this, it is considered a miscarriage.
Terminology
IUD is often also used as an abbreviation for an intrauterine contraceptive device...
Article
Adrenal vein sampling
Adrenal vein sampling (AVS) is a procedure where blood is collected from the adrenal veins via catheter to confirm autonomous hormone production, if it is unilateral or bilateral, and to guide further treatment 1. If unilateral, the adrenal gland can be removed by surgery; thus curing secondary ...
Article
Delayed cerebral ischemia
Delayed cerebral ischemia (DCI) is a frequent complication of aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. It contributes substantially to the morbidity and mortality following subarachnoid hemorrhage. It has traditionally been thought to be due to symptomatic vasospasm related to subarachnoid hemorrhage...
Article
Cerebral vasospasm following subarachnoid hemorrhage
Cerebral vasospasm following subarachnoid hemorrhage is a major complication of subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). It is overtaking rebleed as the major cause of mortality and morbidity in the subgroup of patients with SAH who reach the hospital and receive medical care. It usually occurs after a fe...
Article
Salpingitis isthmica nodosa
Salpingitis isthmica nodosa (SIN), sometimes also referred to as perisalpingitis isthmica nodosa or diverticulosis of the fallopian tube, refers to nodular scarring of the fallopian tubes. In very early stages, the tubes may appear almost normal. As scarring and nodularity progress, the changes ...
Article
Tapia syndrome
Tapia syndrome, also known as matador's disease, is a rare syndrome that is characterized by unilateral paralysis of the tongue and vocal cords. Although the syndrome typically occurs after anesthetic airway management or manipulation, it can very rarely be due to central causes 11. The syndrom...
Article
Occipital condyle
The occipital condyles are two large protuberances on the undersurface of the occipital bone, located besides the front half of the foramen magnum. They form the connection between the skull and the vertebral column.
Articulations
atlas (C1) at the atlanto-occipital joint
Related pathology
o...
Article
Numb chin syndrome
Numb chin syndrome describes a sensory neuropathy occurring in the distribution of either the mental nerve or inferior alveolar nerve. While numb chin syndrome has a multitude of causes, it is considered an ominous entity due to its strong association with heralding advanced malignancy 1.
Clini...
Article
Post-primary pulmonary tuberculosis
Post-primary tuberculosis is also known as reactivation tuberculosis or secondary tuberculosis. The typical upper zone predominant destructive pneumonia is due to an adaptive immune response in an immunocompetent host 1.
Pathology
Location
The upper zone predominance of pulmonary cavitation c...
Article
Occipital condyle syndrome
Occipital condyle syndrome describes the concurrence of unilateral occipital pain and ipsilateral hypoglossal nerve palsy, which localizes to pathology affecting an occipital condyle. While occipital condyle syndrome can have many potential causes, it nearly always represents a manifestation of ...
Article
BTA ultrasound "U" classification of thyroid nodules
The ultrasound "U" classification of thyroid nodules has been developed by the British Thyroid Association (BTA) as part of their 2014 guidelines on the management of thyroid cancer 1.
It allows for the stratification of thyroid nodules as benign, suspicious or malignant based on ultrasound app...
Article
Hypoglossal nerve palsy
Hypoglossal nerve palsies, or twelfth nerve palsies, result in weakness of the muscles supplied by the hypoglossal nerve, namely the intrinsic and extrinsic tongue muscles, except for palatoglossus.
Clinical presentation
The hypoglossal nucleus receives a major component of contralateral corti...
Article
Tongue
The tongue is a complex, principally muscular structure that extends from the oral cavity to the oropharynx. It has important roles in speech, swallowing and taste.
Gross anatomy
The tongue has a tip, dorsum, inferior surface and root. The tongue is made of a midline lingual septum and hyoglo...
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