Articles
Articles are a collaborative effort to provide a single canonical page on all topics relevant to the practice of radiology. As such, articles are written and continuously improved upon by countless contributing members. Our dedicated editors oversee each edit for accuracy and style. Find out more about articles.
16,876 results found
Article
Focal cerebral arteriopathy of childhood
Focal cerebral arteriopathy of childhood, also known as transient cerebral arteriopathy, is characteristically an acute monophasic disease, with unilateral stenosis of the distal internal carotid artery and/or the proximal middle/ anterior cerebral arteries, causing infarction in the lenticulost...
Article
Heat map
Heat maps are visual representations of data in matrices with colors. Two dimensions of the data are captured by the location of a point (i.e., a map) and a third dimension is represented by the color of the point (i.e., the value).
Some nuclear medicine studies are technically examples of heat...
Article
Bochdalek hernia
Bochdalek hernias , also known as pleuroperitoneal hernias, (alternative plural: herniae) are the commonest type of congenital diaphragmatic hernia. They occur posteriorly and are due to a defect in the posterior attachment of the diaphragm when there is a failure of pleuroperitoneal membrane cl...
Article
Atrial fibrillation
A common consequence of atrial enlargement and/or inflammation, atrial fibrillation is a dysrhythmia originating from the atria, typically recognized on the electrocardiogram. It most commonly presents as a tachyarrhythmia, with ventricular rates between 120-130 beats per minute. Defining electr...
Article
Idiopathic retroperitoneal fibrosis
Idiopathic retroperitoneal fibrosis, also known as Ormond disease or occasionally Albarran-Ormond syndrome 6, is a subtype of retroperitoneal fibrosis where no cause is found. It includes a spectrum of diseases that are characterized by fibroinflammatory tissue encasing the abdominal aorta and t...
Article
Leishmaniasis
Leishmaniasis refers to zoonoses caused by parasites of the genus Leishmania. There are three main forms of leishmaniasis:
visceral (also known as kala-azar or dum-dum fever)
cutaneous
mucocutaneous leishmaniasis
Epidemiology
Leishmaniasis is a truly global disease with a higher burden in t...
Article
Paravalvular leak
A paravalvular leak, paravalvular leakage or paravalvular regurgitation are an abnormal flow between the valvular annulus and the prosthetic heart valve and is a common complication after valvular replacement surgery due to inadequate sealing.
Epidemiology
Paravaluvar leaks are common, with an...
Article
Chronic coronary syndrome
Chronic coronary syndrome (CCS) is a term that defines coronary artery disease as a chronic progressive course that can be altered, stabilized or improved by lifestyle modifications, pharmacotherapy and coronary revascularization. It has been introduced to replace the previous term ‘stable coron...
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Pandemic
The epidemiological term, pandemic is applied to an outbreak of disease that has spread across the globe, or in other words, an epidemic that has crossed many regions, borders and multiple continents. Some of the largest pandemics in history include the bubonic plague in the 14th century and the...
Article
Gas in the urinary bladder
There are numerous causes of gas in the urinary bladder. In the hospital setting, by far the most common is the placement of an indwelling urinary catheter. Other causes include 1:
iatrogenic
indwelling urinary catheter is by far the most common cause
cystoscopy, etc.
emphysematous cystitis
...
Article
Modified Boston criteria for cerebral amyloid angiopathy (historical)
The modified Boston criteria, or the Boston criteria 1.5, were proposed in 2010 in order to incorporate cortical superficial siderosis into the diagnoses of probable and possible cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA) 1. They consist of combined clinical, imaging and pathological parameters, and are ...
Article
Cardiac strain imaging
Strain imaging is a cardiac imaging technique that detects ventricular deformation patterns and functional abnormalities before they become obvious as regional wall motion abnormalities on conventional cine imaging or echo. It has become more popular lately due to several technological improveme...
Article
Cervical spine (AP view)
The anteroposterior (AP) cervical spine projection is part of the cervical spine series.
Indications
This projection helps to visualize pathology relating to C3-C7 in the anatomical position, demonstrating any compression fractures, clay-shoveler fractures and herniated nucleus pulposus (HNP) ...
Article
Pulmonary laceration
Pulmonary lacerations result from frank laceration of lung parenchyma secondary to trauma. There is almost always concurrent contusion.
Epidemiology
Contusions and lacerations follow blunt or penetrating chest trauma, and are almost always seen with other chest (and abdominal) injuries. While ...
Article
Subarachnoid FLAIR hyperintensity
There are a wide range of causes for subarachnoid FLAIR hyperintensity, both pathological and artifactual.
Differential diagnosis
Pathological causes
subarachnoid hemorrhage
meningitis
leptomeningeal carcinomatosis
FLAIR vascular hyperintensities in acute stroke 1,4,8
moyamoya disease
m...
Article
Third trimester
The third trimester in a gestation is the final trimester in a human pregnancy which is usually taken as extending from 28 weeks and 0 days of gestation to term (~38-40 weeks).
History and etymology
Trimester was first seen in English in 1821, a direct borrowing from the French word trimestre,...
Article
Epidermal inclusion cyst
Epidermal inclusion cysts or epidermal cysts are common cutaneous lesions that represent proliferation of squamous epithelium within a confined space in the dermis or subdermis.
Terminology
These are occasionally termed sebaceous cysts, although this is a misnomer as the lesion does not origin...
Article
Olfactory nerve
The olfactory nerve is the first (CN I) cranial nerve (TA: nervus olfactorius or nervus cranialis I) and is responsible for conveying the sense of smell from the nasal cavity to the brain. Strictly speaking, the term olfactory 'nerve' refers only to the short first order neurons (olfactory filam...
Article
Venous intravasation
Venous intravasation is the unintended introduction of radiographic contrast material into the local venous system. It is a well-recognized phenomenon during retrograde urethrograms 1,2 and hysterosalpingograms (HSG), although can occur with other invasive procedures in the vicinity of venous pl...
Article
X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy
X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy is an inherited metabolic peroxisomal disorder and one of the more common leukodystrophies in both children and adults. It is characterized by lack of oxidation of very long chain fatty acids (VLCFAs) that results in severe inflammatory demyelination typically of th...
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