Articles
Articles are a collaborative effort to provide a single canonical page on all topics relevant to the practice of radiology. As such, articles are written and continuously improved upon by countless contributing members. Our dedicated editors oversee each edit for accuracy and style. Find out more about articles.
16,929 results
Article
Pulmonary sequestration (intralobar)
Intralobar pulmonary sequestration (ILS) is a subtype of pulmonary sequestration.
Clinical presentation
Patients usually present before the third decade with recurrent infection.
Pathology
It is the commoner type of pulmonary sequestration (four times commoner than extralobar sequestration)...
Article
Myocardial oedema
Myocardial oedema refers to an increased water content of the myocardium particularly within the extracellular interstitium 1.
Clinical presentation
Myocardial oedema often reflects an acute or subacute cardiac event, most often either ischaemic or inflammatory and thus can be associated with ...
Article
Wilhelm Roentgen
Wilhelm C Roentgen (1845-1923) was a German physicist who is celebrated globally for his discovery of x-rays on 8 November 1895.
Early life
Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen (Röntgen in German) was born on 27 March 1845 in Lennep, Germany. He attended the primary and secondary school run by Martinus Her...
Article
Retroaortic anomalous coronary sign (echocardiography)
The retroaortic anomalous coronary (RAC) sign describes the sonographic appearance of an anomalous left coronary artery travelling posteriorly to the aortic root. It is most commonly observed with anomalous origin of the left circumflex artery from the right sinus of Valsalva, but is also descri...
Article
Buccolabial muscles
The buccolabial muscles form a subgroup of the facial muscles.
Elevators, retractors and evertors of the upper lip:
levator labii superioris alaeque nasalis (LLSAN) muscle
levator labii superioris muscle
zygomaticus major muscle
zygomaticus minor muscle
malaris muscle
levator anguli oris...
Article
Reynolds pentad
Reynolds pentad is a combination of clinical signs found in acute cholangitis. It consists of Charcot triad 2-4:
fever and/or chills
RUQ pain
jaundice
as well as:
delirium or lethargy, and
shock
Usefulness
Sensitivity of Reynolds pentad from a large systematic review of nine studies was ...
Article
Retroaortic coronary course
A retroaortic course refers to a coronary artery taking its route posteriorly between the non-coronary sinus and the interatrial septum and is considered a ‘benign anomalous course’.
Epidemiology
Associations
Clinical conditions associated with a retroaortic course of a coronary artery includ...
Article
Pancake kidney
Pancake kidney (also known as discoid kidney, disc kidney, lump kidney, fused pelvic kidney or cake kidney) is a rare renal fusion anomaly of the kidneys of the crossed fused variety.
Clinical presentation
Pancake kidney may be an incidental finding. However, they can present clinically becaus...
Article
Symphalangism
Symphalangism refers to ankylosis or synostosis of the interphalangeal joints (i.e. fusion of the phalanges) in either the toes or the fingers. Less commonly, the metacarpophalangeal joints may be affected.
Epidemiology
One study reports symphalangism of the fifth toe in ~55% (range 40-75%) of...
Article
Tumoural calcinosis
Tumoural calcinosis, also known as Teutschlaender disease, is a rare familial condition characterised by painless, periarticular masses. The term should be strictly used to refer to a disease caused by a hereditary metabolic dysfunction of phosphate regulation associated with massive periarticul...
Article
Haemotympanum
Haemotympanum is the presence of blood in the middle ear cavity. It is usually secondary to trauma.
Clinical presentation
Typically on otoscopy a bulging red to purple to dark blue coloured tympanic membrane is visible, colour varying with age of the haemorrhage.
Pathology
The haemorrhage h...
Article
Facial muscles
The facial muscles, also known as the muscles of facial expression or mimetic muscles (TA: musculi faciales), enable facial expression and serve as sphincters and dilators of the orifices of the face. These muscles differ from those of other regions in the body as there is no fascia deep to the ...
Article
Pseudobursa
Pseudobursae are irregular recesses around a joint that can occur following a joint replacement or surgery. They usually communicate with the joint but may track considerable distances around the joint. They may be associated with infection but can also be an incidental finding.
Epidemiology
T...
Article
Pulmonary valve calcification
Pulmonary valve calcification is an uncommon occurrence and usually occurs in the presence of longstanding elevation of right ventricular pressures (such as that of severe pulmonary hypertension). It can also be associated with pulmonary valve stenosis. Some authors suggest if valve calcificatio...
Article
Segmental fracture
Segmental fracture is a fracture composed of at least two fracture lines that together isolate a segment of bone, usually a portion of the diaphysis of a long bone. This fracture pattern is frequently associated with high energy mechanism and devascularisation of the segmental fracture fragment(...
Article
Bagassosis
Bagassosis refers to a form of hypersensitivity pneumonitis related to a mouldy molasses usually related to sugar cane dry pulpy fibrous residue called bagasse (Thermoactinomyces sacchari). It is considered to reflect a reaction to organic dust and is becoming rarer.
Article
Adding an image to an article
Adding images to an article is an important way of illustrating various imaging examples of that condition. Ideally, there should only be one image per case (usually the 'best' image) per article unless you wish to highlight a specific point, or it is a rare condition with only one case availabl...
Article
Congenital infiltrating lipomatosis of the face
Congenital infiltrating lipomatosis of the face is a very rare congenital, non-hereditary disease manifesting with prominent unilateral facial overgrowth and deformity.
Clinical presentation
Facial asymmetry is always noted at birth. Other findings on the affected side include:
unilateral ske...
Article
Stab wound (overview)
Stab wounds are a form of penetrating trauma that may be self-inflicted or inflicted by another person either accidentally or intentionally. They may be caused by a variety of objects and may occur anywhere in the body.
Terminology
Although commonly caused by a knife as well, slash injuries di...
Article
Cerebellopontine angle cistern
The cerebellopontine angle (CPA) cistern, also known as the pontocerebellar cistern, is a triangular CSF-filled subarachnoid cistern that lies between the anterior surface of the cerebellum and the lateral surface of the pons.
Gross anatomy
Boundaries
superior: tentorium cerebelli
posterior:...
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