Search results for “COPD”
353 results
Article
Cutis laxa
Cutis laxa is a rare dermatological condition, characterised by elastic fibre loss, resulting in very lax skin. Patients can also develop emphysema.
Pathology
Cutis laxa may be inherited (autosomal dominant, autosomal recessive, or X-linked recessive) or may occur sporadically.
Associations
...
Article
Penetrating thoracic trauma
Penetrating thoracic trauma, namely gunshot and stab injuries, vary widely in incidence globally but nevertheless result in high mortality and serious morbidity. CT is the modality of choice in imaging these patients and can reduce the need for surgical exploration.
Pathology
Penetrating thor...
Article
Pulmonary tumourlet
Pulmonary tumourlets refer to a type of neuroendocrine cell proliferation in the lung. They are at the benign end of the spectrum of neuroendocrine cell proliferation when diffuse idiopathic pulmonary neuroendocrine cell hyperplasia DIPNECH breach basement membrane but remain less than 5 mm in d...
Article
Adenosine
Adenosine is a vasodilating agent, which acts on the vascular smooth muscle surface and leads to vasodilation and a considerable increased vascular flow.
NB: This article aims to give a summarised description of adenosine. For detailed and exact information please refer to the information and d...
Article
Cervical lung hernia
Cervical lung hernias (alternative plural: herniae), also known as apical lung hernias, are a subtype of lung hernias in which lung protrudes through the apex of the thoracic cavity.
Epidemiology
Lung herniation of any form is rare. Cervical lung hernia is thought to represent only ~20% lung h...
Article
Hard metal pneumoconiosis
A hard metal pneumoconiosis is usually classified as a type of fibrotic pneumoconiosis where the precipitating agent consists of a fine particulate form of hard metal such as:
cobalt/cobalt-tungsten alloys 10
tungsten/tungsten carbide alloys
implicated alloys often contain small amounts of ot...
Article
Small pulmonary nodules (HRCT chest approach)
Small pulmonary lung nodules refer to an HRCT chest imaging descriptor for 5-10 mm lung nodules and are divided into three main categories based on their distribution pattern:
centrilobular
perilymphatic
random
Terminology
Radiologists often informally refer to indeterminate small pulmonary...
Article
Pulmonary bulla
A pulmonary bulla (pleural bullae) is a gas-containing cystic structure formed by confluent destroyed and dilated airspaces (distal to terminal brochioles). They are typically well-demarcated and rounded with a fine smooth lining composed of a thin layer of collapsed lung 6.
Although bullae are...
Article
Spontaneous rib fracture
Spontaneous rib fractures are rib fractures that occur in the absence of a definitive precipitant. According to one study, they were most frequently between the 4th and 9th ribs and multiple in around 40% of cases. Some were associated with factors such as 1
chronic obstructive pulmonary diseas...
Article
Centrilobular pulmonary emphysema
Centrilobular pulmonary emphysema is the most common morphological subtype of pulmonary emphysema.
Epidemiology
It may be found in up to one-half of adult smokers at autopsy 1.
Risk factors
cigarette smoking
Pathology
The pathological process of centrilobular emphysema typically begins nea...
Article
Tracheobronchial injury
Tracheobronchial injury is a serious but uncommon manifestation of chest trauma. It is usually a fatal injury with only a small percentage of patients making it to hospital. Given the magnitude of force required to injure the major airways, there are often multiple chest and other bodily injurie...
Article
Williams-Campbell syndrome
Williams-Campbell syndrome (WCS) is a rare form of congenital cystic bronchiectasis, in which distal bronchial cartilage is defective.
Clinical presentation
Williams-Campbell syndrome may present with recurrent pneumonia, wheezing, barrel-chest deformity, and Harrison sulcus 8.
Pathology
It ...
Article
Cystic lung lesions (paediatric)
Cystic lesions in paediatric patients are usually congenital lesions and, as such, can be seen antenatally and following delivery.
Pathology
Aetiology
Congenital
These congenital lesions are predominantly covered by the overarching diagnosis of bronchopulmonary foregut malformation. This is ...
Article
Emphysematous gastritis
Emphysematous gastritis is a cause of gastric emphysema. It is a form of phlegmonous gastritis caused by gas-producing organisms 3. In this condition, microorganisms (e.g. Escherichia coli, Clostridium perfringens, Clostridium welchii, or mixed infections with Staphylococcus aureus) produce the ...
Article
HRCT chest - expiration (protocol)
Expiratory high-resolution CT (HRCT) imaging corresponds to an additional CT acquisition performed as part of the HRCT chest protocol. It represents a scan performed with the patient on supine and images obtained at the end-expiration.
It is a useful method for detecting small airways obstruct...
Article
Gluten-related disorders
Gluten-related disorders are a collection of conditions that are the result of a reaction to the consumption of gluten a protein found in wheat, barley and rye 1.
Gluten-related disorders can be broadly divided into 1,2:
coeliac disease: most common and most widely recognised
wheat allergy
...
Article
Unilateral hypertransradiant hemithorax (mnemonic)
Unilateral hypertransradiancy is the correct term for the chest radiograph appearance of increased blackness affecting one lung. Hyperlucency is a commonly used alternative but is inaccurate; the chest is not penetrated by light!
A logical approach begins by checking for:
technical factors
pa...
Article
Uvula
The uvula is a small, conical, pendulous process projected inferiorly from the midline posterior margin of the soft palate. It is primarily formed from the insertions of the two muscles of the uvula and their covering mucosa.
Summary
location: posterior midline soft palate
blood supply: from ...
Article
Carbon monoxide transfer coefficient
Carbon monoxide transfer coefficient (often abbreviated as KCO) is a parameter often performed as part of pulmonary function tests. It is also often written as DLCO/VA (diffusing capacity per litre of lung volume) and is an index of the efficiency of alveolar transfer of carbon monoxide.
Interp...
Article
Upper lobe bronchiectasis
Distribution of bronchiectasis can help in narrowing the differential diagnosis. Upper lobe bronchiectasis is typically seen in:
cystic fibrosis
tuberculosis
Rarely it may be seen with non-tuberculous mycobacterial infection (e.g. MAC infection 2). Traction bronchiectasis in the upper lobes c...