Articles
Articles are a collaborative effort to provide a single canonical page on all topics relevant to the practice of radiology. As such, articles are written and continuously improved upon by countless contributing members. Our dedicated editors oversee each edit for accuracy and style. Find out more about articles.
47 results found
Article
Cardiac CT (retrospective acquisition)
A retrospective ECG-gated cardiac CT is usually conducted in cases in which adequate control of heart rate cannot be achieved or in which additional information on ventricular or valvular function is required.
Indications
Please refer to our coronary CT angiography article for general indicati...
Article
Mitral annular plane systolic excursion
Mitral annular plane systolic excursion (MAPSE) refers to the displacement of the mitral valvular plane in the z-direction and reflects left ventricular longitudinal contraction or shortening, which has been attributed to account for about 60% of the stroke volume 1.
Terminology
Mitral annular...
Article
MRI in patients with pacemaker systems
MRI in patients with cardiac implantable electronic devices (CIED) has increasingly become a requirement in radiological departments 1-8. Especially in the setting of patients with MR conditional pacemaker systems, where all the manufacturer's instructions are followed and a standardised institu...
Article
Point-of-care ultrasound (curriculum)
The point-of-care ultrasound (PoCUS) curriculum is one of our curriculum articles and aims to be a collection of articles that represent the core applications of ultrasonography in a point-of-care setting.
Point-of-care ultrasound refers to ultrasonography which may be simultaneously performed,...
Article
Approach to shock (echocardiography)
An organised approach to shock is critical in the management of these often very sick patients. Shock - of any form - manifests as inadequate tissue perfusion, the end-point of which is multisystem organ failure and death.
Echocardiography at the point-of-care is fast, non-invasive, and often p...
Article
Congenital heart disease chest x-ray (an approach)
With the advent of echocardiography, and cardiac CT and MRI, the role of chest x-rays in evaluating congenital heart disease has been largely relegated to one of historical and academic interest. However, they continue to crop up in radiology exams. In most instances a definite diagnosis cannot ...
Article
Myocardial mapping
Myocardial mapping or parametric mapping of the heart is one of various magnetic resonance imaging techniques, which has evolved and been increasingly used in the last decade for non-invasive tissue characterisation of the myocardium 1-5. Unlike normal T1-, T2- or T2*- images, parametric mapping...
Article
Left atrial enlargement
Left atrial enlargement (LAE) may result from many conditions, either congenital or acquired. It has some characteristic findings on a frontal chest radiograph. CT or MRI may also be used for diagnosis.
Clinical presentation
An enlarged left atrium can have many clinical implications, such as:...
Article
Cardiac segmentation model
The American Heart Association (AHA) has published the nomenclature and segmentation of the left ventricular myocardium (the cardiac segmentation model), now widely used for the description of disease-affected myocardial territories and wall function.
There are 17 segments that have a reasonabl...
Article
Calcium volume score
The calcium volume score is a measure to quantify and calculate coronary artery calcium 1-3.
Its calculation includes all voxels with a Hounsfield attenuation >130 and this is done by multiplying the volume of each voxel, determined by the area and the slice thickness with the number of voxels ...
Article
Left ventricular outflow tract obstruction in echocardiography (differential)
Left ventricular outflow tract (LVOT) obstruction describes a state in which the egress of blood from the left ventricle to the systemic circulation is impeded as it traverses the anatomic LVOT to the aortic arch. Echocardiography, particularly with the use of spectral Doppler, may be used to de...
Article
Traumatic aortic injury in the exam
Getting a film with traumatic aortic injury in the exam is one of the many exam set-pieces that can be prepared for.
This is one of the cases you should look and not speak for 10 seconds as there tends to be a lot of findings on the film of patients with a traumatic aortic injury.
Description...
Article
Diastolic dysfunction assessment (echocardiography)
According to the American Society of Echocardiography and the European Association of Cardiovascular Imaging, diastolic dysfunction assessment on echocardiography is divided into two different groups based on left ventricular systolic function.
Normal left ventricular systolic function
There ...
Article
Left ventricular ejection fraction (echocardiography)
Left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) is a surrogate for left ventricular global systolic function, defined as the left ventricular stroke volume divided by the end-diastolic volume.
Terminology
Point-of-care echocardiography protocols typically use a semi-quantitative approach in defining...
Article
Determination of atrial situs
Atrial situs refers to the relative position of the cardiac atria in relation to abdominal viscera and the midline.
Pathology
Identification of atrial situs is an important initial step in the antenatal and postnatal diagnosis of cardiac structural and situs anomalies.
Radiographic features
...
Article
Chest x-ray review: circulation
Chest x-ray review is a key competency for medical students, junior doctors and other allied health professionals. Using A, B, C, D, E is a helpful and systematic method for chest x-ray review where C refers to circulation and assessment of the heart and cardiomediastinal contour.
Summary
intr...
Article
Cardiac silhouette
Cardiac silhouette refers to the outline of the heart as seen on frontal and lateral chest radiographs and forms part of the cardiomediastinal contour. The size and shape of the cardiac silhouette provide useful clues for underlying disease.
Radiographic features
From the frontal projection, t...
Article
Sonographic approach to dyspnoea (mnemonic)
This mnemonic will help with the sonographic approach to the critically ill patient with dyspnoea:
CHEST
Mnemonic
C: collapsed lung (pneumothorax)
absence of anterior lung sliding, lung pulse, B-lines, or z-lines
these artifacts arise from the pleural interface; their presence would rule o...
Article
Prosthetic cardiac valves on chest x-ray (an approach)
Prosthetic cardiac valves are a routine finding on chest X-ray. The frequency and degree of exposure is greatest in larger hospitals with cardiothoracic centres; however, prosthetic valves are commonplace universally.
Recognition of which valve has been replaced, any other related cardiothoraci...
Article
Myocardial area at risk
The myocardial area at risk (AAR) is defined by the ischaemic proportion of the myocardium after coronary occlusion and reflects the potential size of the myocardial infarction 1-9.
Usage
The assessment of the myocardial area at risk is an important measure in the evaluation of the potentially...
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