1,829 results
Article
Agenesis of the diaphragm
Agenesis of the diaphragm is a congenital diaphragmatic developmental anomaly where all or part of diaphragm fails to form. It can sometimes be thought of as an extreme form congenital diaphragmatic herniation 1.
Pathology
The agenesis can either be unilateral or bilateral. Herniation of abdom...
Article
Prolonged rupture of membranes
Prolonged rupture of membranes refers to a rupture of membranes lasting longer than 18-24 hours (i.e. between time of rupture and time of delivery) 1-2. This situation can occur in either the term or pre-term newborns where in the latter case it is also termed prolonged preterm rupture of membra...
Article
Interocular distance
The interocular distance (IOD) is a measurement between the two medial canthi of each eye. It is often measured as an accessory biometric parameter on routine antenatal ultrasound scans on the axial images. As a rule of thumb, the interorbital distance should be roughly equal to the ocular diame...
Article
Apple-peel intestinal atresia
Apple-peel intestinal atresia, also known as type IIIb or Christmas tree intestinal atresia, is a rare form of small bowel atresia in which the duodenum or proximal jejunum ends in a blind pouch and the distal small bowel wraps around its vascular supply in a spiral resembling an apple peel. Oft...
Article
Congenital granular cell myoblastoma
A congenital granular cell myoblastoma (also known as congenital epulis) is a very rare benign tumour which classically presents in the fetal-neonatal population.
Epidemiology
It occurs almost exclusively in females when it presents in the fetal-neonatal population although no such predilectio...
Article
Small gestational sac
A small gestational sac in early first trimester is considered a poor prognostic factor. Some authors use the mean sac diameter to crown rump length difference of 5 mm or greater to be normal 1.
The smaller than expected sac diameter in pregnancies 36-42 days from the last menstrual period ha...
Article
Breus mole
A Breus mole is a term that was given to a very large subchorionic haemorrhage, an unfortunate misnomer because this entity bears no relationship to the molar pregnancy.
Pathology
The lesions are a mass of fibrin formed secondary to thrombosis. They dissect and form a subchorionic thrombohemat...
Article
Hysterosalpingogram
A hysterosalpingogram (HSG) is a fluoroscopic examination of the uterus and the fallopian tubes, most commonly used in the investigation of infertility or recurrent spontaneous abortions.
Indications
infertility: to assess uterine morphology and tubal patency
Contraindications
pregnancy
act...
Article
Lethal omphalocele-cleft palate syndrome
Lethal omphalocele-cleft palate syndrome is, as the name suggests, characterised by the association of omphalocele and cleft palate.
Prevalence is assumed to be <1 per 1,000,000. It has been postulated that this syndrome is likely to be an autosomal recessive condition 1.
History and etymolog...
Article
Short maxillary length
A short maxillary length can result from many congenital and acquired causes. If seen in an antenatal ultrasound scan, it is often considered to have a high association with trisomy 21 1.
Congenital conditions
Many conditions that can cause midfacial hypoplasia will result in a short maxillar...
Article
Absent yolk sac
Absence of the yolk sac in the presence of an embryo on a transvaginal ultrasound is considered abnormal, and in general is associated with subsequent embryonic death.
See also
yolk sac
Article
Amniotic fluid in the first trimester
Amniotic fluid in the first trimester has been estimated from weeks 7-12. Although the amniotic fluid index (AFI) is calculated in the second trimester, one can get an idea of whether the amount of amniotic fluid is too much or too little at an earlier time point.
The amniotic fluid volume is r...
Article
Neurenteric canal of Kovalevsky
The neurenteric canal or canal of Kovalevsky is the transient communication of the amnion through notochordal canal to the yolk sac during notochordal formation at day 16-17.
Abnormalities during this stage produce the neurenteric cyst spectrum.
Article
Fetal orbital masses
A fetal orbital mass is a rare occurrence but can arise from many patholologies
The list includes
Tumourous orbital masses
fetal retinoblastoma
fetal orbital teratoma
Non tumourous orbital masses
orbital encephalocoele 2
orbital heterotopic brain tissue 1
congenital cystic eyeball 4
pe...
Article
Caesarean section
Caesarean section (also known as C-section, CS and C/S) is the most frequently done major abdominal surgery in females, performed to deliver a baby as an alternative to normal vaginal delivery 1.
Surgical technique
Many forms of caesarean section have been described, but the most popular vari...
Case
Fetal hydronephrosis
Published
01 Aug 2022
75% complete
Ultrasound
Article
Sonographic values in obstetrics and gynaecology
Obstetric and gynaecological ultrasound is rampant with numerous cut-off values. Some of these get revised over the years. The following list is a useful aid to refer to and revise.
1 mm
rate of increase of a mean sac diameter per day in early pregnancy
2 mm
generally accepted value for a th...
Article
Nuchal translucency
Nuchal translucency is the normal fluid-filled subcutaneous space identified at the back of the fetal neck during the late first trimester and early second trimester (11 weeks 3 days to 13 weeks 6 days).
It should not be confused with the nuchal fold, which is seen in the second trimester.
P...
Case
Omphalocele
Published
30 Jul 2022
75% complete
Ultrasound
Article
Fetal nuchal oedema
Fetal nuchal oedema is a term describing a swollen fetal neck region. It can be thought of as a less severe form of a cystic hygroma.
Pathology
It can arise from diverse causes including:
chromosomal anomalies
trisomies
congenital cardiovascular anomalies
fetal pulmonary defects
skele...
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