Search results for “COPD”
353 results
Article
Hypersensitivity reaction
Hypersensitivity reactions are the immunological response to both exogenous and endogenous antigens, and form the basis for many diseases.
Pathology
Classification
Using the Gell and Coombs' classification, there are four types of hypersensitivity reactions, each mediated by a different mech...
Article
Drug-induced lung disease
Drug-induced lung disease can result from a number of agents and may have a myriad of presentations, ranging from an adult respiratory distress syndrome type picture to established pulmonary fibrosis.
Due to this, it can be extremely difficult to pinpoint the offending agent on imaging appearan...
Article
Pulmonary cyst
A pulmonary cyst is any well-circumscribed gas-containing structure within lung parenchyma with a thin, typically regular wall. Occasionally a cyst may contain fluid or solid material instead of gas 10.
Terminology
The term ‘cystic’ denotes lesions with central gas attenuation contained by a w...
Article
Localised pulmonary haemorrhage
Localised pulmonary haemorrhage is a descriptive term for a pulmonary haemorrhage restricted to a particular focal region of the lung. It can range from involving a small focus of haemorrhage to a whole lobe.
Pathology
Aetiology
Focal pulmonary haemorrhage can occur from a number of causes:
...
Article
Obstructive bronchopulmonary aspergillosis
Obstructive bronchopulmonary aspergillosis is an uncommon manifestation of non-invasive aspergillosis seen in patients with AIDS. It is typically caused by Aspergillus fumigatus and represents marked overgrowth of intraluminal of the fungus.
Article
Pertussis
Pertussis, also known as whooping cough is a highly contagious, acute respiratory illness that is caused by the gram-negative bacterium Bordetella pertussis.
Epidemiology
The incidence of pertussis in children has dramatically decreased since the introduction of pertussis vaccination. However,...
Article
Descending necrotising mediastinitis
Descending necrotising mediastinitis is a severe form of mediastinitis and refers to an acute, polymicrobial infection of the mediastinum that usually spreads downwards from oropharyngeal, cervical, and odontogenic infection.
Epidemiology
Associations
diabetes: more than one-third of patients...
Article
Tracheomalacia (differential)
A dilated trachea has numerous causes, and in almost all cases represents tracheomalacia (increased size and increased compliance).
As is almost always the case, various diameters have been used. Typical figures include >26 mm in men, >23 mm in women or >30 mm for both genders ref.
Although ma...
Article
Chronic eosinophilic pneumonia
Chronic eosinophilic pneumonia (CEP) is an idiopathic condition characterised by the alveoli filling with an inflammatory, eosinophil-rich infiltrate. Classically on imaging, it appears as chronic consolidation with upper zone and peripheral predominance.
Epidemiology
Most patients are middle ...
Article
Review areas on chest radiograph
Review areas on a chest radiograph are common areas for missed findings, and special attention should be paid to them:
lung apices: masses (e.g. Pancoast tumour), pneumothorax
behind the heart: consolidation, masses, hiatus hernia 2
below the diaphragm: free gas, lines and tubes (e.g. nasogas...
Article
Differential diagnosis for a small cardiothoracic ratio
A small cardiothoracic ratio (CTR) is defined as <42%/0.42 when assessed on a PA chest radiograph, and is often called small heart syndrome. A pathologically-small heart is also known as microcardia.
It can be due to/associated with a number of entities:
adrenal insufficiency, e.g. Addison di...
Article
Mucoid impaction (lung)
Mucoid impaction, also referred to as mucus plugging, refers to airway filling by retained secretions. When the bronchi become dilated due to mucoid impaction, the term bronchocele can be used 6.
Pathology
Aetiology
Mucoid impaction may result from either obstructive or non-obstructive causes...
Article
Haemorrhoids
Haemorrhoids or anal cushions are normal vascular cushions of submucosal tissue present since birth in the anal canal and help in maintaining stool continence 2,6. Symptomatic pathological haemorrhoids occur secondary to raised intra-abdominal pressure 2.
Epidemiology
The prevalence of haemorr...
Article
Smoking-related lung disease
Smoking-related lung diseases are the respiratory manifestations of disease that are related to the smoking of tobacco. Smoking affects the lungs in numerous ways, and can be classified under the following headings:
smoking related-interstitial lung diseases (SR-ILD)
respiratory bronchiolitis ...
Article
CT triple rule out (protocol)
A triple rule out (TRO) protocol is a cardiac CT protocol that aims to assess for different problems at the same time in one single examination: obstructive coronary artery disease, aortic dissection or pulmonary embolism.
The approach itself has been continuously under discussion due to diffic...
Article
Flail chest
Flail chest or flail thoracic segment implies paradoxical motion of a segment of chest wall during respiration due to multiple rib fractures. Definitions vary; radiologists apply the term when three or more contiguous ribs are fractured in two or more places. Clinically, a segment of only one or...
Article
Bronchocentric granulomatosis
Bronchocentric granulomatosis is a rare chronic condition where airway granulomas form in response to different insults. It is included in the spectrum of eosinophilic lung disease.
Epidemiology
Bronchocentric granulomatosis can affect a wide age spectrum of patients but is thought to peak bet...
Article
CT chest non-contrast (protocol)
The CT chest (non-contrast) protocol serves as an outline for the acquisition of a chest CT without the use of an intravenous contrast medium.
Note: This article aims to frame a general concept of a CT protocol for the assessment of the chest. Protocol specifics will vary depending on CT scanne...
Article
Lobar collapse (summary)
This is a basic article for medical students and other non-radiologists
Lobar collapse is relatively common and occurs following obstruction of a bronchus. Gas is resorbed from the lung parenchyma distal to the obstruction resulting in the collapse of the lung, with volume reduction and negativ...
Article
Asthma (summary)
This is a basic article for medical students and other non-radiologists
Asthma is a heterogeneous disease, usually characterised by chronic airway inflammation and airway hyperreactivity. It is defined by two main features 1:
a history of respiratory symptoms such as wheeze, shortness of breat...
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