Search results for “COPD”
353 results
Article
Resorptive (obstructive) atelectasis
Resorptive or obstructive atelectasis is a form of lung collapse that is due to obstruction of the airways supplying a lung segment or lobe. It is a term used to distinguish atelectasis identified on imaging based on the underlying pathophysiology to guide diagnosis.
Clinical presentation
The ...
Article
Neonatal pneumonia
Neonatal pneumonia refers to inflammatory changes of the respiratory system caused by neonatal infection.
Epidemiology
It is one of the leading causes of significant morbidity and mortality in developing countries. Neonatal pneumonia accounts for 10% of global child mortality. At the time of w...
Article
Sinonasal polyposis
Sinonasal polyposis refers to the presence of multiple benign polyps in the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses.
Epidemiology
Sinonasal polyposis is most commonly encountered in adults and rare in children. Polyps are the most common expansile lesions of the nasal cavity 8.
Associations
Condi...
Article
Air trapping
Air trapping is the retention of excess gas in lung distal to one or more obstructed airways. Subnormal reduction in volume and subnormal increase in attenuation on end-expiratory CT are diagnostic findings and the affected areas are typically sharply demarcated. Reactive vasoconstriction is oft...
Article
Vacuum phenomenon
Vacuum phenomena describe aseptic gas collections (e.g. nitrogen and traces of oxygen and or carbon dioxide) within different specific tissues 1-3. Usually, they are seen within the intervertebral discs, the bones and within different joints, but can also be seen in other usually adjacent locati...
Article
Tension pneumothorax
Tension pneumothoraces occur when intrapleural air accumulates progressively with haemodynamic compromise 10. It is a life-threatening occurrence requiring both rapid recognition and prompt treatment to avoid a cardiorespiratory arrest.
For a general discussion, refer to the pneumothorax articl...
Article
Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis
Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis (ABPA) is at the mild end of the spectrum of disease caused by pulmonary aspergillosis and can be classified as an eosinophilic lung disease 2-4.
Epidemiology
This entity is most commonly encountered in patients with longstanding asthma, and only occasi...
Article
Subcutaneous emphysema
Subcutaneous emphysema (also known commonly, although less correctly, as surgical emphysema), strictly speaking, refers to gas in the subcutaneous tissues. But the term is generally used to describe any soft tissue emphysema of the body wall or limbs since the gas often dissects into the deeper ...
Article
Combined pulmonary fibrosis and emphysema
Combined pulmonary fibrosis and emphysema is a controversial and poorly defined entity. Smoking-related lung diseases can coexist and the combination of emphysema and fibrosis carries a high risk of pulmonary hypertension and a poor prognosis.
Epidemiology
Combined pulmonary fibrosis and emphy...
Article
Cardiac ischaemia protocol (MRI)
The cardiac MRI ischaemia or stress protocol encompasses a set of different MRI sequences for the assessment of myocardial ischaemia.
Note: This article aims to frame a general concept of a cardiac MRI protocol in the setting of vasodilator stress perfusion testing.
Protocol specifics will var...
Article
Polycythaemia vera
Polycythaemia vera (older term: polycythaemia rubra vera) is a myeloproliferative neoplasm that results in an excess of red blood cells in the bloodstream.
Terminology
The standalone word polycythaemia, a.k.a. erythrocytosis, is the medical term for the presence of an excessive number of red b...
Article
Reflux management systems
Reflux management systems refer to medical devices that offer an alternative to surgical based treatments for severe and medically refractory gastro-oesophageal reflux disease.
Indications for the surgical management of gastro-oesophageal reflux disease include gastro-oesophageal reflux disease...
Article
Tetralogy of Fallot
Tetralogy of Fallot (TOF) is the most common cyanotic congenital heart condition with many cases presenting after the newborn period. It has been classically characterised by the combination of ventricular septal defect (VSD), right ventricular outflow tract obstruction (RVOTO), overriding aorta...
Article
Asthma
Asthma is a relatively common condition that is characterised by at least partially reversible inflammation of the airways and reversible airway obstruction due to airway hyperreactivity. It can be acute, subacute or chronic.
Epidemiology
Asthma is one of the most common chronic diseases in th...
Article
Gadolinium contrast agents
Gadolinium-based contrast media (GBCM), gadolinium-based contrast agents (GBCAs), or simply gadolinium contrast agents, are molecular complexes containing the rare earth metal gadolinium, chelated to a carrier ligand. They are a type of paramagnetic contrast agent, which are the primary class of...
Article
Bronchial atresia
Bronchial atresia is a developmental anomaly characterised by focal obliteration of the proximal segment of a bronchus associated with hyperinflation of the distal lung.
On imaging, it commonly presents as a proximal focal tubular-shaped opacity radiating from the hilum associated with a dista...
Article
MRI contrast agent safety
Though considered safer than the frequently used iodinated contrast agents used in x-ray and CT studies, there are safety issues with MRI contrast agents as well. Paramagnetic metal ions suitable as MRI contrast agents are all potentially toxic when injected IV at or near doses needed for clinic...
Article
Peribronchovascular interstitium
The peribronchovascular interstitium refers to the connective tissue sheath that encloses the bronchi, pulmonary arteries, and lymphatic vessels. It extends from the hilar regions through to the lung peripheries.
There are many diseases that may affect the peribronchovascular interstitium.
The...
Article
Bronchial wall thickening
Bronchial wall thickening is an imaging descriptor used to describe abnormal thickening of bronchial walls and can arise from a vast number of pathological entities. It is one of the causes of peribronchial cuffing.
The presence of bronchial wall thickening usually (but not always) implies infl...
Article
Penetrating atherosclerotic ulcer
Penetrating atherosclerotic ulcers (PAU) are pathologies that involve the aortic wall and along with aortic dissection and aortic intramural haematoma, form the spectrum of acute aortic syndrome.
Epidemiology
Typically, penetrating atherosclerotic ulcers are seen in elderly male patients with...
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