Articles
Articles are a collaborative effort to provide a single canonical page on all topics relevant to the practice of radiology. As such, articles are written and continuously improved upon by countless contributing members. Our dedicated editors oversee each edit for accuracy and style. Find out more about articles.
262 results
Article
Upper gastrointestinal bleeding
Upper gastrointestinal bleeding (UGIB) is defined as bleeding proximal to the ligament of Treitz.
Epidemiology
The incidence of acute upper GI bleeding is ~100 per 100,000 adults per year. Upper GI bleeding is twice as common in men as in women and increases in prevalence with age 5. The demog...
Article
Classification of endoleaks
Endoleaks occur when an aneurysmal sac continues to be pressurised despite endoluminal stent placement. See the full article on endoleaks here.
Classification
There are five types:
type I: leak at graft ends (inadequate seal) - most common after repair of thoracic aortic aneurysms 4
Ia: prox...
Article
Supreme intercostal arteries
The supreme intercostal arteries, or superior intercostal arteries, are formed as a direct result of the embryological development of the intersegmental arteries. These arteries are paired structures of the upper thorax which normally form to provide blood flow to the first and second posterior ...
Article
Sacroiliac joint injection
Sacroiliac joint injections can be performed using a posterior approach into the sacroiliac (SI) joint under fluoroscopic or CT guidance. It is often performed bilaterally.
Indications
diagnostic: relief of pain after injection of local anaesthetic
therapeutic: to relieve pain from degenerati...
Article
Superficial cervical plexus nerve block (ultrasound)
The superficial cervical plexus nerve block is a field block indicated for procedures involving, and anaesthesia of, the anterolateral neck and the skin overlying the clavicle. The superficial cervical plexus (SCP) includes the greater auricular, lesser occipital, transverse cervical, and suprac...
Article
Inferior petrosal sinus sampling
Inferior petrosal sinus sampling is an infrequently used method of confirming the presence of a hormonally active pituitary microadenoma when imaging alone has been insufficient. This technique is able to confirm that excess hormone (e.g. ACTH) is being produced by the pituitary and may also hel...
Article
Venous intravasation
Venous intravasation is the unintended introduction of radiographic contrast material into the local venous system. It is a well-recognised phenomenon during retrograde urethrograms 1,2 and hysterosalpingograms (HSG), although can occur with other invasive procedures in the vicinity of venous pl...
Article
Renal arteriovenous fistula
Renal arteriovenous fistulae (AVFs) are anomalous direct communications between arteries and veins in the kidney, which may be confused with a renal arteriovenous malformation (rAVM).
Epidemiology
The incidence of renal AVF is variable, estimated at 0.3-19% in native kidneys and 6-8% in renal ...
Article
MRI targeted prostate biopsy
MRI targeted prostate biopsy refers to an imaging targeted technique rather than the traditional systematic approach of a prostate biopsy after respective imaging with multiparametric MRI (mpMRI) of the prostate.
As a consequence of advances with multiparametric MRI (mpMRI) of the prostate in t...
Article
Tachon syndrome
Tachon syndrome is a rare systemic side effect of epidural or intra-articular corticosteroid injections.
Clinical presentation
Minutes after injection, patients may complain of 1:
acute low back pain
chest tightness
facial erythema
profuse sweating
cough
agitation
Treatment and prognosi...
Article
Endovascular aneurysm sealing system (EVAS)
Endovascular aneurysm sealing system (EVAS) was developed with the intention to expand beyond the anatomic limitations of endovascular aneurysm repair (EVAR) devices, as well as to decrease the rates of re-intervention secondary to graft migration and type II endoleaks.
EVAS was designed by End...
Article
Denver criteria for blunt cerebrovascular injury
The Denver criteria are a set of screening criteria used to determine when CT angiography of the neck is indicated to detect blunt cerebrovascular injury (BCVI) in patients presenting after trauma.
Screening criteria
The Denver criteria were initially developed in 1996 1, modified in 2005 to ...
Article
French gauge
The French gauge (Fr) (also known as the French scale or system) is used to size catheters, and other instruments, in interventional radiology and surgery. In some parts of the world, the Charrière (Ch) is used as the name of the unit, in honour of its inventor.
French sizing
The French syste...
Article
Downhill oesophageal varix
Downhill oesophageal varices are an uncommon type of oesophageal varices associated with superior vena cava (SVC) obstruction.
Epidemiology
Downhill oesophagal varices are less frequently seen. It is seen in less than 0.5% of routine upper endoscopies. Most common aetiology is superior vena ob...
Article
Abdominal paracentesis contraindications (mnemonic)
A mnemonic to remember the contraindications to abdominal paracentesis is:
CAPSID
Mnemonic
C: coagulopathy (INR >2.0)
A: abdominal wall cellulitis
P: pregnancy
S: surgical abdomen (absolute contraindication) / severe thrombocytopenia (platelet count <50 x 103/μL)
I: intra-abdominal adhes...
Article
DM interventional radiology
DM interventional radiology superspecialty course is a 3-year postgraduate subspecialty training in interventional radiology with the pre-requisites being a primary medical degree and MD radiodiagnosis or DNB radiodiagnosis. Successful completion of the course requires submission of a thesis at ...
Article
Femoral artery pseudoaneurysm
Femoral artery pseudoaneurysms are usually iatrogenic, as the femoral artery is the vessel of choice for most endovascular arterial interventions.
Pathology
Aetiology
iatrogenic
anticoagulation therapy
inadequate compression following femoral arterial puncture for endovascular intervention
...
Article
Percutaneous lung tumour ablation
Percutaneous lung tumour ablation techniques are an alternative to surgery or stereotactic body radiotherapy (SBRT) for the treatment of certain malignancies. They have specific indications and contraindications, but are mostly limited to small oligonodular and favourably located lesions.
They...
Article
Superior vena cava stenting
Superior vena cava stenting is an interventional procedure used for the management of superior vena cava (SVC) obstruction.
Indication
This procedure is indicated in severe symptomatic SCV obstruction with failure of the medical treatment (e.g. corticosteroids, anticoagulation therapy, diureti...
Article
Bariatric embolisation
Bariatric embolisation is an interventional procedure performed with a view to inducing weight-loss in the treatment of obesity. Evidence from clinical trials suggests that the procedure is well tolerated and has a good safety profile. Early studies demonstrate a mild-moderate beneficial effect....
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