110 results
Article
Obstetric curriculum
The obstetric curriculum is one of our curriculum articles and aims to be a collection of articles that represent the core obstetric knowledge.
Definition
Topics pertaining to the normal and abnormal pregnancy, the gravid uterus and fetal environment, placenta, normal fetal development and fet...
Article
Medical abbreviations and acronyms (H)
This article contains a list of commonly used medical abbreviations and acronyms that start with the letter H and may be encountered in medicine and radiology (please keep both the main list and any sublists in alphabetic order).
A - B - C - D - E - F - G - H - I - J - K - L - M - N - O - P - Q...
Article
Prosencephalon
Prosencephalon (plural: prosencephala or prosencephalons) or forebrain is one of the primary divisions of neural tube.
Later the forebrain further separates into the telencephalon (cerebrum) and diencephalon (thalamus and related structures).
At about 8 weeks of intrauterine life, the prosenc...
Article
Hypotelorism
Hypotelorism refers to an abnormal decrease in distance between any two organs although some authors use the term synonymously with orbital hypotelorism meaning an abnormal decrease in the distance between the two eyes (the eyes appear too close together). The article mainly focuses on the latte...
Article
Frontonasal dysplasia
Frontonasal dysplasia, also known as median cleft face syndrome, is a rare disorder characterised by midline defects involving the face, head, and central nervous system.
Epidemiology
Frontonasal dysplasia is considered to be a very rare condition, with approximately 100 cases having been repo...
Article
Solitary median maxillary central incisor
Solitary median maxillary central incisor (SMMCI) is a rare dental anomaly. It is usually considered as a minor manifestation (variant) of holoprosencephaly (HPE).
Epidemiology
It is estimated to occur in 1:50,000 live births.
Pathology
It is a complex disorder consisting of multiple, mainly...
Article
Absent septum pellucidum
An absent septum pellucidum may rarely be an isolated finding, or more commonly be seen in association with a variety of conditions.
Epidemiology
The septum pellucidum is partly or entirely absent in 2 or 3 individuals per 100,000 in the general population.
Pathology
An absent septum pelluc...
Article
Pyriform aperture stenosis
Pyriform aperture stenosis refers to narrowing of the pyriform aperture and results from early fusion and hypertrophy of the medial nasal processes.
Epidemiology
Pyriform aperture stenosis is a rare cause of airway obstruction, and its prevalence is unknown.
Pathology
Associations
alobar an...
Article
Midfacial hypoplasia
Midfacial hypoplasia is a type of congenital facial anomaly.
Pathology
Midfacial hypoplasia can be a feature of a number of congenital syndromic anomalies:
Antley-Bixler syndrome
chromosome 1p36 deletion syndrome 2
chromosome 18q deletion syndrome
Crouzon syndrome
fetal alcohol syndrome
...
Article
Fetal hydrocephalus
Fetal hydrocephalus often refers to an extension of fetal ventriculomegaly where the ventricular dilatation is more severe. It is usually defined when the fetal lateral ventricular diameter is greater than 15 mm 1.
Epidemiology
The estimated incidence is 0.5-3 cases per 1000 live births. There...
Article
Arachnoid cyst (fetal presentation)
A fetal arachnoid cyst is term given when an arachnoid cyst is diagnosed in utero. For a general discussion of arachnoid cysts refer to the parent article.
Pathology
They can be classified as being primary or secondary 2.
primary (congenital) arachnoid cysts: result from a benign accumulation...
Article
Microphthalmia
Microphthalmia essentially means small eyes. It is characterised by a small eye within a small orbit. It can be unilateral or bilateral. It is sometimes defined as a globe with a total axial length that is at least two standard deviations below the mean for age.
Pathology
Microphthalmia can ha...
Article
Butterfly sign (choroid plexus)
The butterfly sign refers to the normal appearance of the choroid plexuses on axial imaging of the fetal brain, commonly observed on the antenatal ultrasound. Its absence may suggest holoprosencephaly 1.
In the CNS, the term should not be confused with a butterfly glioma, which is a glioblastom...
Article
Fetal intracranial cystic lesions
Fetal intracranial cystic lesions can arise from a number of pathologies, including:
Non-tumourous
fetal arachnoid cyst
fetal choroid plexus cyst
fetal connatal cyst
fetal porencephalic cyst
fetal interhemispheric cyst
fetal subependymal cyst
dorsal cyst of holoprosencephaly
Blake pouc...
Article
Cyclopia
Cyclopia refers to a rare fetal malformation characterised by a single palpebral fissure and a single midline orbit. This orbit may contain either a single globe or two separate globe.
Epidemiology
The condition is thought to affect approximately 1 in 40,000 to 95,000 births (inclusive of stil...
Article
Porencephaly
Porencephaly is a rare congenital disorder that results in cystic degeneration and encephalomalacia and the formation of porencephalic cysts. The term is used variably among radiologists with its broadest definition being a cleft or cystic cavity within the brain 9, its more narrow definition be...
Article
Diabetic embryopathy
Diabetic embryopathy refers to a spectrum of fetal anomalies that precipitate when the mother has background type I diabetes mellitus. The fetus may develop many of the fetal conditions associated with maternal diabetes although strictly speaking the anomalies should only include those that star...
Article
Intracranial cystic lesions in the perinatal period
Intracranial cystic lesions in the perinatal period can carry a relatively wide differential which includes:
Supratentorial cystic lesions
cysts
arachnoid cyst
choroid plexus cyst
connatal cyst
holoprosencephaly
multicystic encephalomalacia
periventricular leukomalacia
porencephalic cys...
Article
Paediatric curriculum
The paediatric curriculum is one of our curriculum articles and aims to be a collection of articles that represent the core paediatric knowledge.
Definition
Topics pertaining to paediatric radiology, including paediatric neuroradiology and fetal radiology, although there will be some cross cov...
Article
Microcephaly
Microcephaly (plural: microcephalies) is a descriptive term meaning a small head associated with numerous disorders of diverse aetiology. It is usually associated with microencephaly (plural: microencephalies) (small brain). For the purpose of this article, the two terms will be used interchange...
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