146 results
Article
Diagnostic reference level
A diagnostic reference level (DRL) is a specified quantity for a given imaging procedure designed to be used as an aid to optimisation of radiation exposures. Diagnostic reference levels are not limits and are not intended to be applied to exposures of individual patients.
The quantity used to ...
Article
Hounsfield unit average calculation (HUAC)
Hounsfield unit average calculation (HUAC) is an imaging marker of sarcopenia, a key component of frailty 1. Psoas muscle assessment at L4 level is typically performed 1.
Sarcopenia has been associated with poor outcomes in trauma, oncology and surgical cases.
Hounsfield unit average calculati...
Article
Clothing artifact
Clothing artifacts, like jewellery artifacts, are a regular feature on imaging examinations, especially plain radiographs, but in general are recognised for what they are, either at the time the image is taken by the radiographer, or later by the reporting radiologist. The radiographer will ofte...
Article
Fahr syndrome
Fahr syndrome, also known as bilateral striatopallidodentate calcinosis, is characterised by abnormal vascular calcium deposition, particularly in the basal ganglia, cerebellar dentate nuclei, and white matter, with subsequent atrophy.
It can be either primary (usually autosomal dominant) or se...
Article
Ectopic pregnancy
Ectopic pregnancy refers to the implantation of a fertilised ovum outside of the uterine cavity.
Epidemiology
The overall incidence has increased over the last few decades and is thought to affect 1-2% of pregnancies. The risk is as high as 18% for first-trimester pregnancies with bleeding 15....
Article
Visual hallucinations
Visual hallucinations are relatively uncommon, and can be due to a variety of 'organic' brain diseases, affecting a variety of regions of the brain. The use of the term organic here is by convention, and should not be taken to imply absence of brain dysfunction in psychiatric illness.
Clini...
Article
Emphysema (disambiguation)
Emphysema refers to any disease process involving an abnormal accumulation of air/gas in the tissues. When used alone, it is usually taken to mean the lung disease, pulmonary emphysema, which forms part of the spectrum of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).
gastric emphysema: include...
Article
Abdomen (KUB view)
The kidneys, ureters, bladder (KUB) radiograph is optimised for assessment of the urogenital system, and should not be confused with the AP supine abdomen view. However, in cases where the patient may have both gastrointestinal and urogenital abnormalities, all pathologies will still be reported...
Article
Levamisole-induced leukoencephalopathy
Levamisole-induced leukoencephalopathy, also known as levamisole-associated multifocal inflammatory leukoencephalopathy, is a rare but likely under-diagnosed demyelinating toxic leukoencephalopathy.
Levamisole is a medication which was previously used to treat parasitic infections, aphthous ulc...
Article
Anal atresia
Anal atresia, or imperforate anus, refers to a spectrum of anorectal abnormalities ranging from a membranous separation to complete absence of the anus.
Epidemiology
The estimated incidence is 1 in 5000 live births.
Associations
There are frequent associations with other congenital abnormali...
Article
Pectus excavatum
Pectus excavatum, also known as funnel chest or trichterbrust 13, is a congenital chest wall deformity characterised by concave depression of the sternum, resulting in cosmetic and radiographic alterations.
Epidemiology
It is the most common chest wall deformity, accounting for approximately 9...
Article
Achondroplasia
Achondroplasia is a congenital genetic disorder resulting in rhizomelic dwarfism and is the most common skeletal dysplasia. It has numerous distinctive radiographic features.
Epidemiology
It occurs due to sporadic mutations in the majority of cases but can be inherited as an autosomal dominan...
Article
Paediatric abdomen (AP supine view)
The AP supine abdominal radiograph is a routine view when imaging the paediatric abdomen. This view may be taken alongside the PA erect and lateral decubitus views. As radiation protection is an essential consideration in paediatrics, some departmental protocols may only perform one view (either...
Article
Coeliac disease
Coeliac disease, also known as non-tropical sprue, is the most common gluten-related disorder and is a T-cell mediated autoimmune chronic gluten intolerance condition characterised by a loss of villi in the proximal small bowel and gastrointestinal malabsorption (sprue).
It should always be con...
Article
Horseshoe kidney
Horseshoe kidneys are the most common type of renal fusion anomaly. They render the kidneys susceptible to trauma and are an independent risk factor for the development of renal calculi and transitional cell carcinoma of the renal pelvis.
Epidemiology
Horseshoe kidneys are found in approximate...
Article
Glioblastoma, IDH-wildtype
Glioblastomas (GBM) are the most common adult primary brain tumour and are aggressive, relatively resistant to therapy, and have a corresponding poor prognosis.
They typically appear as heterogeneous masses centred in the white matter with irregular peripheral enhancement, central necrosis, and...
Article
Hepatic encephalopathy
Hepatic encephalopathy, also known as acute hyperammonaemic encephalopathy or portosystemic encephalopathy, refers to a spectrum of neuropsychiatric abnormalities occurring in patients with liver dysfunction and portal hypertension. It results from exposure of the brain to excessive amounts of a...
Article
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Mycobacterium tuberculosis is a thin, slightly curved bacillus. A member of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex, it is an obligate aerobic bacterium that is the aetiologic agent of the majority of tuberculosis cases.
Epidemiology
The worldwide incidence of tuberculosis was 8.7 million in 2...
Article
Pericardial effusion
Pericardial effusions occur when excess fluid collects in the pericardial space (a normal pericardial sac contains approximately 30-50 mL of fluid).
Epidemiology
There is no single demographic affected, as there are many underlying causes of pericardial effusion.
Clinical presentation
Clinic...
Article
Paediatric abdomen (PA erect view)
The PA erect abdominal radiograph is the standard view for assessing air-fluid levels and free air in the paediatric abdomen. This view may be taken alongside the AP supine and lateral decubitus views. As radiation protection is an essential consideration in paediatrics, some departmental protoc...
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