117 results
Article
Clear cell ovarian carcinoma
Clear cell carcinoma of the ovary is a subtype of malignant ovarian epithelial tumour.
Epidemiology
They represent ~2-5% of all ovarian carcinomas and ~4-12% of epithelial ovarian neoplasms. The mean age at presentation is ~10 years younger than for other ovarian epithelial tumours (peak ~55 y...
Article
Polycystic ovaries
Polycystic ovaries (PCO) or polycystic ovarian morphology (PCOM) is an imaging descriptor of a particular type of change in ovarian morphology. A proportion of women with polycystic ovaries will have polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS), which in turn requires additional clinical, as well as bioch...
Article
Vulvar varices
Vulvar varices (or vulval) are dilated superficial veins of the external female genitalia, which are primarily seen during pregnancy and usually resolve spontaneously postpartum.
Epidemiology
Vulvar varicosities are seen in up to 4% of pregnant females in the vulvar and perivulvar region, and ...
Article
Intra-abdominal calcification
Intra-abdominal calcification is common and the causes may be classified into four broad groups based on morphology:
Concretions
These are discrete precipitates in a vessel or organ. They are sharp in outline but the density and shape vary but in some cases, they may be virtually pathognomonic...
Article
Ovarian Sertoli-Leydig cell tumour
Ovarian Sertoli-Leydig cell tumours (SLCT), also known as ovarian androblastomas, are a subtype of ovarian sex cord-stromal tumour.
Epidemiology
They are rare and only account for ~0.5% of all ovarian tumours. While they can present at any age, they typically present <30 years old, with a mean...
Article
Ovarian mucinous cystadenocarcinoma
Mucinous cystadenocarcinoma of the ovary is a rare malignant ovarian mucinous tumour. This type can account for 5-10% of all ovarian mucinous tumours. It is a type of ovarian epithelial tumour.
Pathology
Retrospective studies have suggested that many mucinous carcinomas initially diagnosed as...
Article
Ovarian mucinous cystadenoma
Mucinous cystadenoma of the ovary is at the benign end of the spectrum of mucin-containing epithelial ovarian tumours.
Epidemiology
The estimated peak incidence is at around 30-50 years of age.
They comprise approximately 80% of mucinous ovarian tumours and 20-25% of all benign ovarian tumou...
Article
Canal of Nuck hernia
Canal of Nuck hernias are rare and occur in female children. They are caused by a failure of complete obliteration of the canal of Nuck with a connection to the peritoneal cavity and transmitted intra-abdominal contents (e.g. bowel, omentum, fluid, ovary, fallopian tube and/or urinary bladder).
...
Article
Polycystic ovarian syndrome in the exam
Getting a film with polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) in a subfertile patient is one of the many exam set-pieces that can be prepared for.
Description
Transabdominal and transvaginal pelvic ultrasound shows an anteverted uterus with a normal size. There is diffuse thickening of the endometri...
Article
Fluid-fluid levels in liver lesions
Fluid-fluid levels in liver lesions are a rare appearance of both benign and malignant conditions.
Differential diagnosis
benign
complicated hepatic cyst 2
hepatic abscess 2
chronic hepatic haematoma 3
biliary cystadenoma 3
hepatic haemangioma (very rare) 2
malignant
cystic/necrotic hep...
Article
Follicular monitoring
Follicular monitoring or follicular study is a vital component of in-vitro fertilization (IVF) assessment and timing. It basically employs a simple technique for assessing ovarian follicles at regular intervals and documenting the pathway to ovulation.
Physiology
Journey to ovulation begins d...
Article
Ovarian fibroma
Ovarian fibromas are benign ovarian tumours of sex cord/stromal origin. Although fibromas account for ~4% of all ovarian neoplasms, they are the most common sex cord ovarian tumours.
Epidemiology
Fibromas occur at all ages but are most frequently seen in middle-aged women.
Associations
They ...
Article
Medical abbreviations and acronyms (O)
This article contains a list of commonly used medical abbreviations and acronyms that start with the letter O and may be encountered in medicine and radiology (please keep the main list and any sublists in alphabetic order).
A - B - C - D - E - F - G - H - I - J - K - L - M - N - O - P - Q - R...
Article
Urinary bladder wall or lumen calcification (differential)
Causes of urinary bladder wall or lumen calcification include:
Common
bladder calculus
schistosomiasis of the urinary tract
tuberculosis
Uncommon
neuroblastoma; phaeochromocytoma
radiation reaction
alkaptonuria (ochronosis)
amyloidosis
calculus in a urachal cyst or in a bladder diverti...
Article
Urogenital curriculum
The urogenital curriculum is one of our curriculum articles and aims to be a collection of articles that represent the core genitourinary knowledge.
Definition
Topics pertaining to the urinary tract (kidneys, ureter, bladder, urethra), adrenal glands, prostate penis, scrotal content (testes, ...
Article
Mixed epithelial and stromal tumour
Mixed epithelial and stromal tumours (MEST) are a family of uncommon renal neoplasms in adults in a spectrum ranging from predominantly cystic (adult cystic nephroma) to more solid tumours.
Epidemiology
There is a female preponderance 10:1 1 with tumours occurring predominantly in middle-aged...
Article
Struma ovarii tumour
Struma ovarii tumour is a subtype of an ovarian teratoma and is composed entirely or predominantly of thyroid tissue and containing variable-sized follicles with colloid material.
Epidemiology
It accounts for 0.3-1% of all ovarian tumours and ~3% of all mature cystic teratomas 1.
Clinical pre...
Article
Cystic hepatic metastases
Cystic hepatic metastases are included in the differential for new cystic liver lesions. The internal cystic component may represent necrosis as the tumour outgrows its hepatic blood supply, or it may represent a mucinous component, similar to the primary tumour.
The liver and lungs are the mos...
Article
Abscess
Abscesses are focal confined collections of suppurative inflammatory material and can be thought of as having three components 1:
a central core consisting of necrotic inflammatory cells and local tissue
peripheral halo of viable neutrophils
surrounded by a 'capsule' with dilated blood vessel...
Article
Calcified pulmonary nodules
Calcified pulmonary nodules are a subset of hyperdense pulmonary nodules and a group of nodules with a relatively narrow differential.
Pathology
Aetiology
The most common cause of nodule calcification is granuloma formation, usually in the response to healed infection.
healed infection
ca...
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