Articles
Articles are a collaborative effort to provide a single canonical page on all topics relevant to the practice of radiology. As such, articles are written and continuously improved upon by countless contributing members. Our dedicated editors oversee each edit for accuracy and style. Find out more about articles.
262 results
Article
Bähren classification of left varicoceles
Bähren classification of left varicoceles:
type 0: no evidence of venous reflux in internal spermatic vein (ISV)
type I: single ISV with insufficient or absent valve
type II: single ISV with ≥ 2 ostia to renal vein; may be branches to ascending lumbar/retroperitoneal veins
IIa: insufficient ...
Article
Multiphase CT angiography in acute ischaemic stroke
Multiphase CT angiography is an evolving imaging technique in acute ischaemic stroke. The technique aims to quickly and reliably identify brain which is potentially salvageable with intervention. Brain tissue viability depends on many factors, with this technique assessing collateral leptomening...
Article
Radiofrequency ablation
Radiofrequency ablation (RFA) is a medical procedure that uses a high-frequency alternating current produced by a radiofrequency generator oscillating in a closed-loop circuit. This current heats a needle to over 60°C, which is used to cause intentional protein denaturation and tissue damage 1.
...
Article
Periprocedural anticoagulation
Periprocedural anticoagulation planning is essential when planning an interventional procedure so that the best balance between the risk of bleeding and thrombosis can be achieved.
The following must be considered in assessment of periprocedural anticoagulation:
bleeding risks associated with ...
Article
Subtalar joint injection (technique)
Subtalar joint injections are most often performed for osteoarthritis with injection into the posterior subtalar joint. Ultrasound, fluoroscopy and CT guidance can be used.
Indications
osteoarthritis
diagnostic
Contraindications
Absolute
anaphylaxis to contrast/injectates
active local/sy...
Article
Preoperative pulmonary nodule localisation
Preoperative pulmonary nodule localisation is a CT-guided procedure where a marker is applied to a usually small lung lesion to assist in its surgical identification and resection. The widespread use of video-assisted thoracic surgery (VATS) and the advance in robotically assisted surgical inter...
Article
Carbon dioxide angiography
Carbon dioxide (CO2) is an excellent negative contrast agent which has been used for a variety of vascular interventions since the introduction of digital subtraction angiography. Due to its high solubility rate and rapid diffusibility via the lungs, CO2 is safe for intravascular usage.
Physica...
Article
Lumbar interlaminar epidural injection
Lumbar interlaminar epidural injections are one of some possible spinal epidural injections. For an alternative approach for the same region, please refer to the article on lumbar transforaminal epidural injections.
Indications
Typically, epidural injections are performed in patients with rad...
Article
Post ablation syndrome
Post-ablation syndrome occurs from 24 to 48 hours following ablation and lasts no longer than 10 days 1. It is believed to occur following cytokine release and tumour necrosis, causing patient fever and flu-like symptoms.
If symptoms persist following 10 days after the procedure, alternate diag...
Article
Seldinger technique
The Seldinger technique is the mainstay of vascular and other luminal access in interventional radiology.
Uses
digital subtraction angiography
insertion of central venous catheters
insertion of chest drains
insertion of pacemaker leads or implantable cardioverter-defibrillators
insertion ...
Article
Percutaneous renal biopsy
Percutaneous renal biopsy, utilising either ultrasound or CT, allows for an accurate, reliable method of acquiring renal tissue for histopathological assessment.
The biopsy may be of a native or transplant kidney. It is divided into two types:
non-focal or non-targeted
focal or targeted (i.e....
Article
Pseudocalculus sign (common bile duct)
The pseudocalculus sign is a term coined to describe a mimic of a distally impacted common bile duct (CBD) stone on ERCP, MRCP and the various forms of cholangiography, including T-tube, CT, intraoperative, and percutaneous 1.
It results from the forceful contraction of the choledochal sphincte...
Article
Implantable port
Implantable ports, also known as chemoports, totally implantable central venous access ports or Port-A-Caths, are a type of central venous catheter for patients requiring long-term venous access. They offer the ability to have long-term central venous access with some of the advantages over peri...
Article
Greater trochanteric bursa injection (technique)
Greater femoral trochanteric bursa injections under ultrasound guidance ensure the injectate is accurately given into the bursa. The greater trochanteric bursa is the largest of the bursae surrounding the proximal femur, with the others including the subgluteus minimus and subgluteus medius burs...
Article
Digital subtraction angiography
Digital subtraction angiography (DSA) is a fluoroscopic technique used extensively in interventional radiology for visualising blood vessels. Radiopaque structures such as bones are eliminated ("subtracted") digitally from the image, thus allowing for an accurate depiction of the blood vessels.
...
Article
Billowing phenomenon
Billowing phenomenon refers to the presence of contrast medium on contrast-enhanced CT outside of graft metal struts, due to the specific construction characteristic typical of the AFX® stent-graft (Endologix, Inc., USA), designed to treat abdominal aortic aneurysms. It has a unique internal sca...
Article
Intercostal catheter
Intercostal catheters (ICC), or informally chest tubes, are inserted into the pleural space to drain fluid and/or air. They typically refer to large-bore (10-14 Fr) drains placed under direct vision rather than percutaneous pigtail catheters (6-8 Fr) placed under image guidance.
Indication
Th...
Article
TIPS evaluation
TIPS evaluation is useful to ensure that a transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (TIPS) is working properly and that no stenosis has occurred within the stent. Ultrasound is often used as a first-line modality.
Radiographic features
Ultrasound
The normal TIPS should show colour Dopple...
Article
Splenic artery embolisation
Splenic artery embolisation is an endovascular technique for treatment of splenic and splenic artery pathology as an alternative to splenic artery ligation or splenectomy. It often results in successfully treating the underlying pathology, while maintaining at least partial splenic function.
I...
Article
Liver biopsy (percutaneous)
Percutaneous liver biopsy, utilising either ultrasound or CT guidance, allows for an accurate and reliable method of acquiring hepatic tissue for histopathological assessment. It is divided into two types:
non-focal or non-targeted liver biopsy (used in the assessment and staging of the parench...
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