Articles
Articles are a collaborative effort to provide a single canonical page on all topics relevant to the practice of radiology. As such, articles are written and continuously improved upon by countless contributing members. Our dedicated editors oversee each edit for accuracy and style. Find out more about articles.
320 results found
Article
Malignant transformation
Malignant transformation is the term given to the process whereby either normal, metaplastic, or benign neoplastic tissue, becomes a cancer. The process usually occurs in a series of steps and the affected tissue gradually accumulates the genetic mutations that express a malignant phenotype. The...
Article
Extradural spinal cavernous malformation
Extradural spinal cavernous malformations, also known as extradural spinal cavernomas, are rare vascular malformations that occur in the spine.
This article specifically relates to extradural spinal cavernomas. For a general discussion of spinal cord cavernomas please refer to the article spin...
Article
Atresia
Atresia (plural: atresias) refers to a situation where there is absence, underdevelopment or abnormal closure, of a normal anatomical tubular structure or opening.
Contrast this with agenesis which refers to the complete absence of any anatomical structure including its primordial precursors.
...
Article
Familial hypercholesterolaemia
Familial hypercholesterolaemia is a common autosomal dominant 1 condition resulting in hyperlipidaemia.
Epidemiology
1 in 200 individuals are estimated to be carriers of at least one gene associated with familial hypercholesterolaemia 1.
Pathology
Features of hyperlipidaemia such as early/e...
Article
Michaelis-Gutmann bodies
Michaeliis-Gutmann bodies are a histological feature characteristic of malakoplakia, typically seen in mid-stage disease 1,2.
They are 1–10 μm laminated or targetoid basophilic focal inclusions of iron and calcium salts seen on light microscopy. They are also periodic acid–Schiff, and diastase-...
Article
Bethesda classification system for thyroid fine needle aspirates
Bethesda classification system for thyroid fine needle aspirates comprises six categories of pathological reporting of thyroid FNA, with each category linked to a malignancy risk.
Classification
category I: non-diagnostic
category II: benign
category III: atypia of undetermined significance...
Article
Fracture healing
Fracture healing occurs naturally after traumatic bony disruption. This process begins with haemorrhage and progresses through three stages:
inflammatory
reparative
remodelling
This process can be supported by various treatment options with immobilisation a mainstay; inappropriate treatment ...
Article
Acanthosis nigricans
Acanthosis nigricans is a cutaneous disorder characterised by symmetric hyperpigmented velvety plaques on the neck, axillae, antecubital and popliteal fossae, inframammary, and groin areas. It is associated with acquired lipodystrophy.
Pathology
The benign form of acanthosis nigricans is assoc...
Article
Sinonasal polyposis
Sinonasal polyposis refers to the presence of multiple benign polyps in the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses.
Epidemiology
Sinonasal polyposis is most commonly encountered in adults and rare in children. Polyps are the most common expansile lesions of the nasal cavity 8.
Associations
Condi...
Article
Hurthle cell
Hurthle cells are a type of oncocyte arising from thyroid follicular epithelial cells.
Terminology
The term Hurthle cell is now officially discouraged as the cells discovered by Hurthle were actually parafollicular C cells 5.
Pathology
Under microscopy, Hurthle cells are larger than typical ...
Article
WHO classification of eye tumours
The World Health Organizatiοn (WHO) classification of eye tumours is a widely used pathologic classification system of neoplasms of the orbit. The current revision, part of the 4th edition of the WHO series, was published in 2018 and is reflected in the article below 1.
Classification
Tumours ...
Article
Myocardial necrosis
Myocardial necrosis refers to the cell death of cardiomyocytes and represents one pathologic correlate in the setting of myocardial injury and/or myocardial infarction.
Clinical presentation
Many clinical scenarios leading to myocardial necrosis will lead to some form of cardiac symptoms such ...
Article
Pathology (article structure)
Pathology is one of the main subheadings in a standard article.
Location
The "Pathology" subheading is located after "Clinical presentation" and before "Radiographic features".
Structure
Immediately under the "Pathology" subheading a brief introduction to the relevant pathology of the condi...
Article
Alpha-thalassaemia intellectual disability syndrome X-linked (ATRX) gene (tumour marker)
Alpha-thalassaemia intellectual disability syndrome X-linked (ATRX) gene is an important genomic marker of gliomas and is either intact (ATRX-wildtype) or mutated (ATRX-mutant) and is correlated with other important genomic markers including IDH, 1p19q codeletion, and p53 expression 1,2.
ATRX ...
Article
Traditional serrated adenoma
Traditional serrated adenomas are a type of premalignant serrated colonic polyp.
Epidemiology
They are thought to account for <1% of all colonic polyps and 1-7% of all serrated lesions. They tend to occur in older patients (usually over 50 years) with no significant gender predilection.
Patho...
Article
Atypical pulmonary carcinoid tumour
An atypical pulmonary carcinoid tumour is a more aggressive variant of a pulmonary carcinoid tumour. They are less common and considered intermediate grade neoplasms and have the same “carcinoid morphology,” but with mitotic rates increased (at 2–10 mitoses per 2 mm2) where the tumour might also...
Article
Peribronchiolar metaplasia
Peribronchiolar metaplasia is a partially recognised pathological entity characterised by fibrosis of the alveolar septa adjacent to terminal bronchioles and alveolar ducts, with bronchiolar-type epithelial metaplasia of the peribronchiolar alveolar walls. It is currently only accepted by some a...
Article
Faeces
Faeces, also known as stool, is the solid component of human waste. Almost half of its dry mass is bacterial biomass, with the remainder comprised of undigested dietary matter, exfoliated cells of the gut, intestinal secretions, small metabolites and mucus.
Composition
Faecal matter is semiso...
Article
2-hydroxyglutarate
2-hydroxyglutarate (2HG) is a metabolite that accumulates in the brains of patients with IDH1 mutated (IDH1 positive) brain tumours, particularly diffuse low-grade gliomas. Although not in widespread clinical use, it is likely that 2-hydroxyglutarate, which resonates at 2.25 ppm, will be able to...
Article
Panniculitis
Panniculitis (plural: panniculitides 1) is a non-specific histopathological term referring to inflammation of adipose tissue. It most commonly affects subcutaneous fat, although internal forms, e.g., mesenteric panniculitis, are well-known 1,2.
Clinical presentation
Most panniculitides present...
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