322 results
Article
Pneumonitis
Pneumonitis is a broad descriptive term indicating inflammation of the lung. In clinical practice and more specifically radiology, pneumonitis refers to inflammation of the pulmonary interstitium. The term is often used interchangeably with interstitial pneumonia.
Aetiology
hypersensitivity pn...
Article
Hypersensitivity pneumonitis
Hypersensitivity pneumonitis, previously known as extrinsic allergic alveolitis, represents a group of immune-mediated pulmonary disorders characterised by an inflammatory and/or fibrotic reaction affecting the lung parenchyma and small airways.
Its diagnosis relies on a constellation of findin...
Article
Radiation pneumonitis
Radiation pneumonitis is the acute manifestation of radiation-induced lung disease and is relatively common following radiotherapy for chest wall or intrathoracic malignancies.
This article does not deal with the changes seen in the late phase. Please refer to the article on radiation-induced l...
Article
Methotrexate induced pneumonitis
Methotrexate induced pneumonitis is characterised by interstitial inflammation of the lung parenchyma which can be life-threatening. Methotrexate induced pneumonitis falls under a subtype under the broader category of methotrexate induced lung disease.
Diagnosis of methotrexate-induced pneumoni...
Article
Fibrotic hypersensitivity pneumonitis
Fibrotic hypersensitivity pneumonitis (fHP) is a chronic, often progressive fibrosing form of hypersensitivity pneumonitis and is also often categorised as a form of interstitial lung disease. Manifestations previously categorised as chronic hypersensitivity pneumonitis now fall under this categ...
Article
Pembrolizumab induced pneumonitis
Pembrolizumab induced pneumonitis is a form of drug-induced lung disease occurring as a result of a response to the use of the programmed cell death protein 1 (PD1) inhibitor pembrolizumab. It may have variable pattern 2.
Pembrolizumab is also reported to have a high risk of inducing lung inju...
Article
Pemtrexed induced pneumonitis
Pemtrexed induced pneumonitis is a very rarely reported form of drug-induced lung disease occurring as a result of the drug pemtrexed (AlimtaTM) which is used in the treatment of malignant mesothelioma and non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC).
Only limited literature has been published with most ...
Article
Acute lupus pneumonitis
Acute lupus pneumonitis is one of the presentations of thoracic manifestations of systemic lupus erythematosus.
Clinical presentation
Acute lupus pneumonitis presents with acute onset of fever, cough, tachypnoea, and hypoxia.
Radiographic features
Plain radiograph
Appearances are non-speci...
Article
Acute aspiration pneumonitis
Acute aspiration pneumonitis occurs when solid or liquid ingested particles enter the airways and lungs, leading to inflammation.
This article will focus on the acute form of aspiration (cf. chronic aspiration pneumonia), mainly concerning its radiographic features; for a broader discussion, p...
Article
Radiation recall pneumonitis
Radiation recall pneumonitis is a rare reaction occurring in previously irradiated areas of pulmonary tissue after the application of triggering agents (e.g. chemotherapeutic agents, immunomodulators). It is not thought to be due to the direct effect of radiation. Classically this has been descr...
Article
Chronic interstitial pneumonitis
Chronic interstitial pneumonitis is a broad descriptive term where an interstitial pneumonia has a prolonged course. It can arise from a range of aetiologies. The term does not usually imply a specific radiographic pattern and includes UIP, NSIP or other patterns. As a general rule, there is lit...
Article
Subacute hypersensitivity pneumonitis (historical)
Subacute hypersensitivity pneumonitis (also known as subacute extrinsic allergic alveolitis) is a legacy term not recommended in guidelines (c. 2020) 10. It develops when hypersensitivity pneumonitis continues beyond the acute phase (i.e. continues for weeks to months) and still has the potentia...
Article
Chronic hypersensitivity pneumonitis (historical)
Chronic hypersensitivity pneumonitis is a legacy term not recommended in the most recent guidelines (c. 2020) 12. In chronic hypersensitivity pneumonitis, there is radiological evidence of fibrosis which represents the end-stage of repeated or persistent pneumonitis 7. Most of the manifestations...
Article
Acute hypersensitivity pneumonitis (historical)
Acute hypersensitivity pneumonitis, also known as acute extrinsic allergic alveolitis, is a legacy term not recommended in the guidelines (c. 2020) 9. It refers to the episodic form of this condition usually happening in just a few hours after the antigen exposure and often recurring with the re...
Article
Crizotinib associated interstitial pneumonitis
Crizotinib associated interstitial pneumonitis is a type of drug-induced lung disease precipitated by a tyrosine kinase/anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) inhibitor Crizotinib used in the treatment of certain forms of non-small cell lung cancer that have certain mutations including the ROS1 mutati...
Article
Thalidomide induced interstitial pneumonitis
Thalidomide-induced pneumonitis is a rare form of drug-induced lung disease. It could be suspected in patients who develop dyspnoea, cough, and fever after taking thalidomide, without a definite cause, with chest radiographs +/- CT shows supportive findings. Many publications suggest this is rev...
Article
Non-fibrotic hypersensitivity pneumonitis
Non-fibrotic hypersensitivity pneumonitis is a phenotypical form of hypersensitivity pneumonitis and one of the main two subtypes under the newer classification systems.
Radiographic features
CT
Described features include 1
mosaic attenuation pattern: typically reflects coexistent lobules af...
Article
Immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy related pneumonitis
Immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy-related pneumonitis is one of the complications that can occur in the setting of immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy.
Epidemiology
Immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy-related pneumonitis is considered a rare complication with a reported incidence of <5% in m...
Article
Cellular non-specific interstitial pneumonitis
Cellular non-specific interstitial pneumonia is one of the two histological subtypes of non-specific interstitial pneumonia (NSIP). It is less common compared with fibrotic NSIP but carries a much better prognosis.
Clinical presentation
Symptoms are non-specific and include insidious onset of...
Article
Fibrotic non-specific interstitial pneumonitis
Fibrotic non-specific interstitial pneumonitis is a histological subtype of non-specific interstitial pneumonitis (NSIP). It is considered the more common form 1. This pattern manifests as chronic interstitial inflammation obscured by interstitial fibrosis (with dense collagen), a temporal homog...
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