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Articles are a collaborative effort to provide a single canonical page on all topics relevant to the practice of radiology. As such, articles are written and continuously improved upon by countless contributing members. Our dedicated editors oversee each edit for accuracy and style. Find out more about articles.

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Bowel and mesenteric trauma injury grading

A number of bowel and mesenteric injury grading systems have been proposed and validated for trauma to the bowel and/or mesentery based on CT and clinical parameters. Classifications RAPTOR 1 The RAdiographic Predictors of Therapeutic intervention score predicts the need for early therapeutic...

Flail mandible

A flail mandible is an uncommon type of comminuted fracture through the mandibular symphysis and bilateral condyle and/or rami which can result in posterior displacement and internal rotation of the mandibular bodies, eversion of the angles of the mandible, and glossoptosis. Together with concom...

Penetrating abdominopelvic trauma

Penetrating abdominopelvic trauma usually occurs in the setting of gunshot and stab injuries and is associated with high morbidity and mortality. CT is the modality of choice in imaging if the patient is stable enough before surgery. The most common injuries include small bowel, large bowel, liv...

Penetrating trauma

Penetrating trauma is a type of trauma in which a foreign body or bodies penetrate the skin, create a wound and injure the deeper tissues. The foreign body can remain in the patient or can exit the patient, either through the same entry wound (e.g. knife stabbing) or via a separate exit wound (t...

Flat tyre sign (globe rupture)

The flat tyre sign, also known as the mushroom sign, is one of the most specific signs of ruptured eye globe, due to the similarity between the abnormal contour of injured globe and the appearance of a flat tyre 1. It is classically described on CT but may be seen on ultrasound or MRI 2. The mo...

Tillaux-Chaput tubercle fracture

Tillaux-Chaput tubercle fractures or distal anterior tibial tubercle fractures are avulsion injuries affecting the tibial origin of the anterior inferior tibiofibular ligament 1-5. As a counterpart to the Tillaux fracture in adolescents, they can occur in adults in association with other ankle f...

Jefferson classification

The Jefferson classification of atlas (C1) fractures describes the sites of fracture. Classification The original Jefferson classification had descriptions without numbers 1. The types were later assigned to numbers by some authors but the order has been inconsistent 2,3. Therefore, referring ...

Manubriosternal dislocation

Manubriosternal dislocation (or sternomanubrial dislocation) represents a range of dislocation injuries of the sternomanubrial joint. Terminology Joint dislocations are named according to the distal component in relation to the proximal bone. Thus, as the manubrium is superior to the sternum a...

Unified classification system for periprosthetic fractures

The unified classification system (UCS) is used for periprosthetic fractures. The classification is proposed to standardize the classification of periprosthetic fractures and provide a guide to the management of these fractures regardless of the broken bone or the joint affected 1-4. The class...

Zone classification of extensor tendon injury

The zone classification of extensor tendon injuries divides injuries into zones based on anatomical location. The zone classification is proposed to guide the management of these injuries and predict possible outcomes. Classification Flexor tendon injuries were initially classified into eight...

Nitrous oxide

Nitrous oxide (N2O) is an odorless and colorless gas that can cause a state of euphoria. Nitrous oxide is the least powerful of the inhalational anesthetic agents, needing up to 104% concentration to reach 1 minimum alveolar concentration (MAC). Thus, it is usually admixed with a more volatile ...

Intra-abdominal hypertension

Intra-abdominal hypertension is defined as an elevation in intra-abdominal pressure that is greater than or equal to 12 mmHg. Although it can be asymptomatic, medical management of this condition is essential to avoid progression to abdominal compartment syndrome. Radiology plays a role in facil...

Tubiana classification of mallet finger

Tubiana classification considers the size of the bony fragment and subluxation. It includes tendinous mallet deformities and correlates bone fragment size with volar subluxation. Mallet fractures are avulsion fractures of the distal phalanx peri- or intra-articular base with involvement of the ...

Mutch classification of greater tuberosity fractures

The Mutch classification is a system used to classify isolated greater tuberosity fractures and has important therapeutic implications. It is considered reliable for isolated greater tuberosity fractures but is less reliable in multi-part proximal humeral fractures 4. Classification The Mutch ...

Subdural hematohygroma

Subdural hematohygromas are subdural hygromas into which bleeding has occurred. They are distinct from, and should not be confused with, acute on chronic subdural hematomas or with acute subdural hematomas with separation of blood into plasma and hematocrit. Radiographic features CT Subdural ...

Scapulothoracic dissociation

Scapulothoracic dissociation is a rare potentially life and limb-threatening condition with high mortality characterized by disruption of the scapulothoracic articulation 1-3. Epidemiology Associations Scapulothoracic dissociation is associated with the following 2: polytrauma brachial plex...

CT neck, chest, abdomen-pelvis (NCAP protocol)

The CT neck chest-abdomen-pelvis protocol aims to evaluate the neck, thoracic and abdominal structures using contrast in trauma imaging. The use of contrast facilitates the assessment of pathologies globally whilst minimizing dose by potentially disregarding a non-contrast scan. Note: This art...

Handstand fracture

A handstand fracture is a specific metacarpal fracture category that affects the head of the metacarpal bone. Clinical presentation As the name implies, patients with such a fracture commonly present after losing balance from a handstand and sustaining a high-energy impact to the hand. Patien...

Kfuri and Schatzker classification of tibial plateau fractures

The Kfuri and Schatzker classification of tibial plateau fractures is a revision of the classic Schatzker classification 1. It complements the original radiographic classification with the inclusion of CT, allowing for a tridimensional interpretation of the fracture 2,3. The revisited classific...

Normal imaging examples

This article lists examples of normal imaging divided by body region and system. brain head and neck spine chest breast gastrointestinal genitourinary hepatobiliary upper limb lower limb pediatrics

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