240 results found
Article
Paraspinal ganglioneuroma
Paraspinal ganglioneuromas are extremely rare. Like neuroblastomas and ganglioneuroblastomas, ganglioneuromas are derived from the primordial neural crest cells that form the sympathetic nervous system.
Please refer to ganglioneuroma for a more general discussion including epidemiology, clinica...
Article
Risser staging system
The Risser staging system is used to grade skeletal maturity based on the level of ossification and fusion of the iliac crest apophyses. It is used primarily in planning corrective surgery for scoliosis as a marker for skeletal maturity, which is a surrogate for growth velocity and potential, wh...
Article
Coffin-Lowry syndrome
Coffin-Lowry syndrome (CLS) is a rare X-linked genetic syndrome affecting multiple body parts.
Epidemiology
The condition tends to affect males much more due to its X-linked inheritance. The estimated incidence is at around 1:40,000-50,000.
Clinical presentation
It is characterized by a numb...
Article
Kyphosis
Kyphosis (plural: kyphoses), much less commonly kyphus, is a term used to describe the sagittal curvature of the thoracic spine. Hyperkyphosis is when the kyphosis angle is above the normal range 5,7.
Pathology
Kyphosis increases with age, with a kyphosis angle of ~25° (range 20-29°) in adoles...
Article
CLOVES syndrome
CLOVES syndrome is an acronym denoting a rare condition consisting of:
Congenital Lipomatous Overgrowth
Vascular malformations
Epidermal nevi
Skeletal/Scoliosis/Spinal anomalies
Terminology
Although first described as CLOVE the term "CLOVES" syndrome, with the "S" emphasizing the skeletal ...
Article
Lateral thoracic meningocele
Lateral thoracic meningoceles are a type of spinal meningocele.
Pathology
As with any meningocele, it results from herniation of the meninges through a foramen or a defect in the vertebral column.
Associations
They are typically associated with neurofibromatosis type I but can rarely occur ...
Article
Assessment of pulmonary hila on chest x-ray (approach)
The assessment of the pulmonary hila on chest x-ray is important for detecting potential mediastinal and lung pathology.
Several features of the hilum and hilar point can be assessed:
shape
normally appear as K or C-shapes on either side
contents: pulmonary arteries and veins, bronchi, lymph...
Article
Homocystinuria
Homocystinuria is a rare congenital disorder of metabolism.
Clinical presentation
The disease may affect one or more of the systems below 1,2:
eye: ectopia lentis (typically downwards and inwards)
CNS: seizures, dystonia, developmental delay
skeletal: scoliosis, pectus excavatum, long limb...
Article
Proteus syndrome
Proteus syndrome is a rare congenital, multisystemic, hamartomatous condition characterized by asymmetrical overgrowth of almost any part of the body and a broad spectrum of manifestations. It can affect tissue from any germinal layer.
Clinical presentation
Affected patients usually appear nor...
Article
Focal fatty deposits in bone marrow
Focal fatty deposits, also known as marrow islands or replacements in the bone marrow, are well-defined focal fat islands within the bone marrow of the spine or other parts of the axial skeleton 1,2.
Epidemiology
Common in older individuals, related to age but not to sex.
Associations
Focal ...
Case
Chiari 1 malformation with syrinx
Published
24 Sep 2023
77% complete
MRI
Case
Kyphoscoliosis
Published
18 May 2011
83% complete
MRI
Case
Levoscoliosis
Published
10 Sep 2019
91% complete
X-ray
Case
Dextroscoliosis of spine
Published
30 Jan 2024
91% complete
X-ray
Case
Obstructive hydrocephalus and Chiari 1 malformation
Published
22 Nov 2015
92% complete
CT
MRI
Case
Harrington rod for thoracic realignment
Published
26 Sep 2022
88% complete
X-ray
Case
Mucopolysaccharidoses
Published
20 Nov 2020
69% complete
X-ray
Case
Unilateral absence of pulmonary artery
Published
03 Feb 2023
92% complete
CT
Case
Cobb angle (illustration)
Published
25 Dec 2023
44% complete
Diagram
Case
Duchenne muscular dystrophy
Published
11 Feb 2019
97% complete
X-ray
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