470 results
Article
CT intravenous contrast media
Intravenous contrast media used in CT (often shortened to IV contrast) are a type of contrast media. These are a large group of chemical preparations developed to aid in the characterization of pathology by improving the ability of an imaging modality to differentiate between different biologica...
Article
Aortic dissection
Aortic dissection is the prototype and most common form of acute aortic syndromes and a type of arterial dissection. It occurs when blood enters the medial layer of the aortic wall through a tear or penetrating ulcer in the intima and tracks longitudinally along with the media, forming a second ...
Article
Left colic flexure
Left colic flexure (or splenic flexure) is the bend in the large intestine in the left upper quadrant of the abdomen as the transverse colon continues as the descending colon. The phrenicocolic ligament attaches the splenic flexure to the left hemidiaphragm. It lies more cranial than the right c...
Article
Gastrinoma triangle
The gastrinoma triangle, also known as Passaro's triangle, is an anatomical area in the abdomen, from where the majority (90%) of gastrinomas are thought to arise.
Gross anatomy
Boundaries
The triangle is formed by joining the following three points:
superiorly: confluence of the cystic and...
Article
Dermatomyositis
Dermatomyositis is an idiopathic inflammatory myopathy, presumably autoimmune in etiology, which carries an increased risk of malignancy. It is considered a distinct condition to anti-synthetase syndrome.
Epidemiology
There is a recognized female predilection. It has a bimodal age of presentat...
Article
Squamous cell carcinoma (ovary)
Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) of the ovary is extremely rare and usually arises in a mature cystic ovarian teratoma 2. As only parts of the lesion are composed of malignant tissue, it is difficult to diagnose malignant transformation of a teratoma preoperatively, unless invasion into adjacent st...
Article
Second trimester ultrasound scan
The second trimester scan is a routine ultrasound examination in many countries that is primarily used to assess fetal anatomy and detect the presence of any fetal anomalies.
The second trimester extends from 13 weeks and 0 days to 27 weeks and 6 days of gestation although the majority of thes...
Article
Chest x-ray review: ABCDE
Chest x-ray review is a key competency for medical students, junior doctors and other allied health professionals. Using A, B, C, D, E is a helpful and systematic method for chest x-ray review:
A: airways
B: breathing (the lungs and pleural spaces)
C: circulation (cardiomediastinal contour)
...
Article
Postmortem and forensic curriculum
The postmortem and forensic curriculum is one of our curriculum articles and aims to be a collection of topics that represent core knowledge pertaining to forensic and postmortem radiology.
Definitions
Postmortem radiology: the radiographic examination of the body after death.
Forensic radi...
Article
Occipital nerve stimulators
Occipital nerve stimulators are a type of neuromodulation therapy aimed at treating chronic refractory headache and craniofacial pain such as occipital neuralgia 1-3. This form of non-pharmaceutical therapy involves an implantable device composed of an electrode and a pulse generator.
Procedur...
Article
Crossed fused renal ectopia
Crossed fused renal ectopia refers to an anomaly where the kidneys are fused and located on the same side of the midline.
Epidemiology
The estimated incidence is around 1 out of 1000 births 1. There is a recognized male predilection with a 2:1 male to female ratio. More than 90% of crossed ren...
Article
Superior lumbar triangle
The superior lumbar triangle, also known as the triangle of Grynfeltt-Lesshaft, is one of the locations for a lumbar hernia. It is not to be confused with the adjacent inferior lumbar triangle (of Petit).
Gross anatomy
Boundaries
medially: the quadratus lumborum muscle
superiorly: twelfth r...
Article
Retroperitoneum
The retroperitoneum is the part of the abdominal cavity that lies between the posterior parietal peritoneum anteriorly and the posterior abdominal wall 4. It is C-shaped on axial cross-sections with a convexity projecting anteriorly in the midline.
Gross anatomy
The retroperitoneum is variably...
Article
Ligament
Ligaments are connective tissue structures that arch over joints connecting one bone to another bone with primary functions as stabilizers of articulations. The scientific study of ligaments is called syndesmology. Ligaments are considered part of the soft tissues of the body.
In the abdomen, a...
Article
Bacillary angiomatosis
Bacillary angiomatosis is an infective complication in those with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) 3. Amongst other widespread multi-organ manifestations, the infection causes skin lesions which can be similar to those of Kaposi sarcoma.
Pathology
Characterized by a non-neoplastic...
Article
Abdominal paracentesis
An abdominal paracentesis (plural: paracenteses), more commonly referred to as an ascitic tap, is a procedure that can be performed to collect peritoneal fluid for analysis or as a therapeutic intervention.
Indications
diagnostic: especially for newly-diagnosed ascites
determine etiology of a...
Article
Troisier sign
Troisier sign is the clinical finding of a hard and enlarged left supraclavicular node (Virchow node), and is considered a sign of metastatic abdominal malignancy.
Terminology
It is sometimes referred to as the Virchow node, which is the name given by Rudolf Virchow (1821-1902) 6, a German pat...
Article
Pelvic fractures (summary)
This is a basic article for medical students and other non-radiologists
Pelvic fractures are a heterogeneous group of injuries that can occur secondary to a variety of mechanisms that range from an innocuous simple fall to severe high-energy trauma in a road traffic collision.
Reference articl...
Article
Axillary lymph nodes
The axillary lymph nodes, also known commonly as axillary nodes, are a group of lymph nodes in the axilla that receive lymph from vessels that drain the arm, the walls of the thorax, the breast and the upper walls of the abdomen.
Gross anatomy
There are five axillary lymph node groups, namely ...
Article
Ectopia cordis
Ectopia cordis is an extremely rare congenital malformation where the heart is located partially or totally outside the thoracic cavity. The four main ectopic positions are:
adjacent to the thorax: ~60%
abdominal: 15-30%
thoracoabdominal: 7-18%
cervical: ~3%
Epidemiology
The incidence is ...
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