170 results
Article
Fetal ventriculomegaly
Fetal ventriculomegaly refers to the presence of dilated cerebral ventricles in utero.
Important in itself, it is also associated with other CNS anomalies.
Epidemiology
Using the sonographic cut-off criteria (see radiographic features below), the estimated prevalence may be at ~0.9% of all pr...
Article
Ovarian ectopic pregnancy
Ovarian ectopic pregnancies are rare when compared to other types of ectopic pregnancy such as tubal ectopic.
Epidemiology
The ovary is the anatomic site of less than 3% of ectopic pregnancies 5.
Clinical presentation
Patients present with abdominopelvic pain during the first trimester (usu...
Article
Fetal MRI
Fetal MRI allows for detailed imaging of the developing fetus in utero. Fast sequences are required due to fetal movement 1. Fetal MRI is most commonly utilized when ultrasound findings are equivocal. Fetal anatomy can be evaluated in detail including the brain, upper aerodigestive tract, thorax...
Article
Clinodactyly
Clinodactyly is a descriptive term that refers to a radial angulation at an interphalangeal joint in the radio-ulnar or palmar planes. It typically affects the fifth finger.
Epidemiology
The estimated incidence is highly variable dependent on sampling and has been reported to range between 1-...
Article
Complete hydatidiform mole with coexistent fetus
Complete hydatidiform mole with coexistent fetus is an extremely rare entity where there is a twin pregnancy with a complete hydatidiform mole and a normal fetus.
Epidemiology
It is seen extremely rarely, with an estimated incidence of 1 in 10,000–100,000 pregnancies 5.
Clinical presentation...
Article
Encephalocele
Encephalocele, also known as meningoencephalocele, is a form of neural tube defect and a type of cephalocele where brain tissue and overlying meninges herniate out through a defect in the cranium.
Terminology
Although the terms encephalocele and meningoencephalocele are often used interchange...
Article
Cervical ectopic pregnancy
Cervical ectopic pregnancy is a rare subtype of ectopic pregnancy, in which a gestational sac is seen at the endocervical canal below the closed internal os.
Epidemiology
It accounts for ~0.15-1% of all ectopic pregnancies.
Pathology
Implantation of the fertilized ovum occurs within the cer...
Article
Twin-to-twin transfusion syndrome
Twin-to-twin transfusion syndrome (TTTS), less commonly known as stuck twin syndrome, is a potential complication that can occur in a monochorionic twin pregnancy (either MCDA or MCMA).
Epidemiology
This complication can occur in ~10% (range 15-25%) of monochorionic pregnancies, giving an est...
Article
Hemorrhagic corpus luteal cyst
Hemorrhagic corpus luteal cysts result from bleeding into corpus luteal cysts.
Radiographic features
Ultrasound
Commonly described findings include:
complex adnexal mass
adnexal thick-walled cystic lesion with lace-like strands
adnexal thick-walled cystic lesion with low-level echoes withi...
Article
Oral-facial-digital syndromes
Oral-facial-digital syndromes (OFDS) are a group of rare genetic developmental disorder that affects the mouth, face, digits and also may cause some problems on the central nervous, kidney and the other organs.
Classification
Some publications have classified at least 13 forms of OFDS based on...
Article
Platyspondyly
Platyspondyly is a radiographic sign and refers to flattened vertebral bodies throughout the axial skeleton.
Pathology
Associations
Platyspondyly can be feature of many conditions which include:
severe Gaucher disease 1
metatrophic dysplasia
Morquio syndrome
osteogenesis imperfecta
Rober...
Article
Congenital cytomegalovirus infection
Congenital cytomegalovirus infections result from intrauterine fetal infection by cytomegalovirus (CMV).
Epidemiology
Cytomegalovirus is the most common cause of intrauterine infection and the most common cause of congenital infective and brain damage, occurring in 0.2-2.4% of live births.
An...
Article
Angular pregnancy
Angular pregnancies are those in which implantation occurs eccentrically along the fundus of the endometrial cavity, along with the lateral upper angle or cornua of the uterus.
In contrast to interstitial tubal pregnancy, angular pregnancies have a more medial location and are considered an int...
Article
Holoprosencephaly
Holoprosencephaly (HPE) is a rare congenital brain malformation resulting from incomplete separation of the two hemispheres.
Classically three subtypes have been recognized, however additional entities are now included in the spectrum of the disease. The three main subtypes, in order of decreas...
Article
Fetal hydrocephalus
Fetal hydrocephalus often refers to an extension of fetal ventriculomegaly where the ventricular dilatation is more severe. It is usually defined when the fetal lateral ventricular diameter is greater than 15 mm 1.
Epidemiology
The estimated incidence is 0.5-3 cases per 1000 live births. There...
Article
Aorto-ventricular tunnel
Aorto-ventricular tunnel (AVT) is an extremely rare form of congenital heart disease, representing an anomalous extracardiac communication between the ascending aorta and the left or right ventricles.
Terminology
In most cases the anomalous communication is between the aorta and the left ventr...
Article
Shortening of the cervical canal
Shortening of the uterine cervical canal as the name implies refers to an abnormal shortening of the uterine cervical length. It is considered a sign of cervical incompetence during pregnancy and can lead to premature delivery.
Pathology
Etiology
primary (i.e. congenital/idiopathic)
secondar...
Article
Funneling of the internal cervical os
Cervical funnelling is a sign of cervical incompetence and represents the dilatation of the internal part of the cervical canal and reduction of the cervical length.
Greater than 50% funnelling before 25 weeks is associated with ~80% risk of preterm delivery.
Radiographic features
Good scanni...
Article
Cervical incompetence
Cervical incompetence refers to a painless spontaneous dilatation of the cervix and is a common cause of second trimester pregnancy failure.
Epidemiology
The estimated incidence varies geographically and generally thought to be around 1-1.5% of all pregnancies 1,15.
Clinical presentation
Typ...
Article
Cornelia de Lange syndrome
Cornelia de Lange syndrome (CdLS) is an extremely rare clinically heterogeneous developmental disorder of unknown etiology. Although the described clinical symptomatology is very broad, the majority of cases include growth impairment, learning disability and dysmorphic facies.
Epidemiology
The...
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