146 results
Article
Evaluation of endotracheal tube position
Endotracheal tubes (ETT) are wide-bore plastic tubes that are inserted into the trachea to allow artificial ventilation. Tubes come in a variety of sizes and have a balloon at the tip to ensure that gastric contents are not aspirated into the lungs. Adult tubes are usually approximately 1 cm in ...
Article
Jugular paraganglioma
Jugular paraganglioma (previously known as glomus jugulare) is a paraganglioma of the head and neck that is confined to the jugular fossa. While it is a rare tumor, it is the most common of the jugular fossa tumors.
Terminology
The term "glomus" was historically used to describe certain types ...
Article
MRI in patients with pacemaker systems
MRI in patients with cardiac implantable electronic devices (CIED) has increasingly become a requirement in radiological departments 1-8. Especially in the setting of patients with MR conditional pacemaker systems, where all the manufacturer's instructions are followed and a standardized institu...
Article
Papilledema
Papilledema refers to swelling of the optic disc related to increased intracranial pressure.
Terminology
Care must be taken to not use the term papilledema for all causes of optic nerve head elevation. Although papilledema literally means swelling of the optic disc (nerve head/papilla), in oph...
Article
Digital subtraction angiography
Digital subtraction angiography (DSA) is a fluoroscopic technique used extensively in interventional radiology for visualizing blood vessels. Radiopaque structures such as bones are eliminated ("subtracted") digitally from the image, thus allowing for an accurate depiction of the blood vessels.
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Article
Idiopathic interstitial pneumonia (mnemonic)
Idiopathic interstitial pneumonias (IIPs) are diffuse interstitial lung diseases of unknown cause. A useful mnemonic for the American Thoracic Society-European Respiratory Society (ATS-ERS) classification of IIPs is:
All Idiopathic Chronic Lung Disease aRe Nonspecifically Patterned
The mnemoni...
Article
Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome
The Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome describes paroxysmal tachydysrhythmias in the presence of a specific accessory pathway which allows direct electrical connection between the atria and ventricles, which usually exclusively occurs via the atrioventricular (AV) node. The accessory pathway is usua...
Article
Breast hematoma
Breast hematoma can result from preceding direct trauma, surgery, biopsy (rare) or contusion and can be easily misinterpreted as other lesions such as breast malignancy if the correct clinical context is not taken into account. They can rarely occur spontaneously, especially in those with coagul...
Article
Focal nodular hyperplasia
Focal nodular hyperplasia (FNH) is a regenerative mass lesion of the liver and the second most common benign liver lesion (the most common is a hemangioma). Many focal nodular hyperplasias have characteristic radiographic features on multimodality imaging, but some lesions may be atypical in app...
Article
Signs article structure
Articles on signs are in general short articles and do not usually require subheadings.
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Signs are numerous in radiology and typically relate to a specific appearance or feature that is reminiscent of an object. A named sig...
Article
Tubal ectopic pregnancy
Tubal ectopic pregnancy, also known as adnexal ectopic pregnancy, is the most common location of an ectopic pregnancy.
Epidemiology
It is the most common type of ectopic by far, accounting for 93-97% of cases.
Pathology
Although the fallopian tube has many anatomical parts, for the purposes ...
Article
Breast imaging-reporting and data system (BI-RADS)
BI-RADS (Breast Imaging-Reporting and Data System) is a risk assessment and quality assurance tool developed by American College of Radiology that provides a widely accepted lexicon and reporting schema for imaging of the breast. It applies to mammography, ultrasound, and MRI. This article refle...
Article
Barium swallow
Barium swallow is a dedicated test of the pharynx, esophagus, and proximal stomach, and may be performed as a single or double contrast study. The study is often "modified" to suit the history and symptoms of the individual patient, but it is often useful to evaluate the entire pathway from the ...
Article
Intradural spinal mass lesions (an approach)
Intradural spinal mass lesions are relatively uncommon, compared to intracranial or extradural masses, and can be challenging to diagnose. Additionally, the need for a pre-operative/non-operative diagnosis is in many ways greater as biopsy of lesions within the cord has the potential of devastat...
Article
Vertebral hemangioma
Vertebral hemangiomas are the most common benign vertebral neoplasms. That said, they are not true neoplasms but venous malformations. They are usually asymptomatic and incidentally detected due to their characteristic features on imaging for other reasons. Rarely, they can be locally aggressive...
Article
CT guided adrenal biopsy
CT guided adrenal biopsy is usually performed for the diagnosis of indeterminate adrenal nodules or tumors. This procedure has steadily declined in use since 1990s due to improvements in, and validation of, non-invasive CT and MR techniques that can now diagnose benign adrenal lesions with a hig...
Article
MRI safety
MRI scanners, although free from potentially cancer-inducing ionizing radiation found in plain radiography and CT, have a host of safety issues which must be taken very seriously. MRI safety can be divided into:
main magnetic field
varying magnetic (gradient) fields
radiofrequency
Main magne...
Article
White coat hypertension
White coat hypertension (WCH or WCHT), and not to be confused with the white coat effect (WCE), is commonly defined as typical in-clinic blood pressure (BP) measurements of 140/90 mm Hg or more in the presence of multiple daytime out-of-clinic home or ambulatory BP readings averaging less than 1...
Article
Radiation-induced pulmonary fibrosis
Radiation-induced pulmonary fibrosis is the late manifestation of radiation-induced lung disease and is relatively common following radiotherapy for chest wall or intrathoracic malignancies.
This article does not deal with the changes seen in the acute phase. Please refer to the article on radi...
Article
Contrast-induced acute kidney injury
Contrast-induced acute kidney injury (CI-AKI), formerly termed contrast-induced nephropathy (CIN) 12, describes an association between intravenous or intra-arterial contrast administration and renal impairment, but increasingly the evidence shows that contrast is not the cause of the renal impai...
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