Articles
Articles are a collaborative effort to provide a single canonical page on all topics relevant to the practice of radiology. As such, articles are written and continuously improved upon by countless contributing members. Our dedicated editors oversee each edit for accuracy and style. Find out more about articles.
262 results
Article
Jugular venous catheters
The internal jugular vein is a preferred site for venous access for large lumen, long-term central venous catheters for chemotherapy, hemofiltration and plasma exchange. These are commonly referred to as (internal) jugular venous (IJV) catheters.
Typically, the right internal jugular is used as...
Article
Endosaccular flow disruption devices
Endosaccular flow disruption devices, also simply known as flow disruptors, are used for the treatment of either ruptured or unruptured saccular, wide-neck, usually bifurcation as well as side-wall intracranial aneurysms. Their primary function is to stop blood from flowing into the aneurysm, al...
Article
Catheter-directed thrombolysis
Catheter-directed thrombolysis (CDT) is an endovascular approach to the treatment of acute iliofemoral deep vein thrombosis. It involves the administration of a lytic agent directly into a thrombus.
Indications
precise diagnosis of iliofemoral deep vein thrombosis
first episode of acute ili...
Article
Quadratus femoris injection (technique)
Quadratus femoris injections under image guidance ensure precise delivery of an injectate into the quadratus femoris muscle and ensure the sciatic nerve is avoided during the procedure. CT and ultrasound can be used, with ultrasound becoming more challenging in those with larger body habitus.
...
Article
Pelvic abscess
A pelvic abscess refers to a walled-off collection of pus in the pelvis.
Pathology
Etiology
Some of the causes include:
pelvic inflammatory disease (tubo-ovarian abscess)
iatrogenic e.g. post-surgical
inflammatory bowel disease
pelvic actinomycosis infection
diverticulitis
Clinical pre...
Article
Trocar technique
The trocar technique is a common technique for surgical procedures and interventional placement of tubes and drainage where instruments, tubes or drains are advanced to the target location through a fixed cannula or hollow tube namely the trocar, which acts as a portal in the process.
History
...
Article
Flush catheters
Flush catheters are a type of vascular catheter designed to allow high-flow injection rates (15 to 20 ml/s)1 into large vessels, for optimal aortograms and/or phlebograms.
The most common flush catheters are:
pigtail catheter
straight flush catheter
Tennis Racquet catheter
Properties
have ...
Article
Carotid arterial stenting
Carotid arterial stenting (CAS) is a minimally invasive endovascular interventional procedure that can potentially offer the same advantage as surgery (carotid endarterectomy).
Indications
Indications for carotid stenting are evolving with endarterectomy trials that evaluate the carotid stenos...
Article
Biffl scale for blunt cerebrovascular injury
The Biffl scale or grade illustrates the spectrum of blunt cerebrovascular injury (BCVI) seen on angiography (both CTA and DSA). Some authors refer to the grading scale as the Denver scale, which is not to be confused with the Denver criteria, a series of clinical indications to screen for blunt...
Article
Cephalic arch stenosis
Cephalic arch stenosis is considered one of the commonest cause of dysfunction in a brachiocephalic fistula which involves the cephalic vein in the region of the cephalic arch prior to junction with the axillary vein.
Epidemiology
Has an average reported prevalance of around 15% in all autogen...
Article
Rapid ultrasound in shock
The rapid ultrasound in shock (RUSH) protocol is a structured point-of-care ultrasound (POCUS) examination performed at the time of presentation of a shocked patient. It is a more detailed and longer exam than the FAST scan, with the aim to differentiate between hypovolemic, cardiogenic, obstruc...
Article
Seroma
Seromas are collections of serous fluid that usually occur as a complication of surgery, but can also be seen post-trauma. They are commonly seen as an early complication of breast surgery, where a potential space is left.
Terminology
Seromas are distinct from hematoma as they contain almost n...
Article
Paravalvular leak
A paravalvular leak, paravalvular leakage or paravalvular regurgitation are an abnormal flow between the valvular annulus and the prosthetic heart valve and is a common complication after valvular replacement surgery due to inadequate sealing.
Epidemiology
Paravaluvar leaks are common, with an...
Article
No-touch ablation technique
No-touch ablation techniques, using either microwave or radiofrequency to generate heating, refer to approaches whereby the probes are placed at multiple oblique sites tangential and adjacent to the targeted tumor (cf. probe placement centrally within the tumor).
Indications
For general indic...
Article
Coronary in-stent restenosis
Coronary in-stent restenosis (ISR) is referred to as an increasing loss of the stented arterial lumen after a percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) and coronary stent placement which requires revascularization.
Terminology
However, there are different clinical and angiographic definitions:
...
Article
Mercedes-Benz sign (aorta)
The Mercedes-Benz sign can be seen in aortic dissection on CT 1.
It is seen as three distinct intimal flaps that have a triradiate configuration similar to the Mercedes-Benz logo (Figure 1). Two of the three lumens outlined by these intimal flaps belong to the false lumen of aortic dissection....
Article
Intra-aortic balloon pump
Intra-aortic balloon pumps (IABP) are used in the intensive care setting to provide hemodynamic assistance to patients in cardiogenic shock.
Function and physiology
The device is comprised of a catheter introduced via a femoral artery sheath, which extends retrogradely to the proximal descendi...
Article
Esophageal intubation
Esophageal intubation refers to the incorrect placement of an endotracheal tube in the esophagus. Within minutes its consequences can be catastrophic with the seriousness of its outcome depending largely on the timeliness of its diagnosis.
Epidemiology
Accidental esophageal intubation can happ...
Article
Spinal arteriovenous malformations
Spinal arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) are characterized by arteriovenous shunting with a true nidus. They represent ~25% of spinal vascular malformations.
Epidemiology
Different types of spinal AVM have different ages of presentation, but overall 80% present between the age of 20 and 60 y...
Article
Percutaneous mitral commissurotomy
Percutaneous mitral commissurotomy (PMC) also known as percutaneous mitral balloon commissurotomy (PMBC), percutaneous mitral valvotomy (PMV) or percutaneous mitral balloon valvuloplasty (PMBV) is a transcatheter procedure for the management of mitral stenosis.
History and etymology
Percutaneo...
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